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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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define vaccines
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killed or weakened microorganisms or their antigenic products that can induce antibody formation while preventing or causing very mild forms of disease
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define toxoids
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bacterial toxins or products that have been modified to destroy toxicity while retaining ability to induce antibody formation
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When should we not use vaccines and toxoids?
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during febrile illness
while on immunosuppressive drug therapy during states of immunodeficiency pregnancy |
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What are immune globulin products made from?
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the serum of individuals with high concentrations of the specific antibody or immunoglobulin required.
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How long do immune globulin products last in people exposed to or experiencing a particular disease?
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1-3 months
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What type of immunity (active or passive) are immunoglobulin products?
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passive immunity
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Whats are the names of the vaccines given for chickenpox and a shingles?
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varicella (for pox)
zoster (for shingles) |
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What are the Tdap or Dtap (diphtheria & tetanus toxoids and accellular pertussis) made of?
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a combo of toxoid and vaccines
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What's the goal of immunostimulant drugs?
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to restore normal function or to increase the ability of the immune system to eliminate potentially harmful invaders
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most hematopoietic and immunostimulant drugs are synthetic versions of….
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endogenous cytokines
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What could immunostimulants produce?
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adverse effects that make the patient not feel better and noncompliant
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How are all exogenous cytokines given?
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injection
(sub-q or IV) |
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5 classes of immunostimulants
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hematopoietic agents
colony stimulating factors interferons interleukins bacillus calmette-guerin |
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example of a hematopoietic agent drug
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epoetin alfa (epogen, procrit)
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What are hematopoietic agents drug formulations of?
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erythropoietin, a hormone from th kidney that stimulates bone marrow production of RBCs
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What are hematopoietic drugs used to treat?
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anemia
CRF |
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Whats the black box warning on hematopoietic drugs?
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they cause increased risk of cardio problems or death in CRF pts.
increased risk of tumor progression and death in cancer pts when used to achieve normal Hgb 12-14 |
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How do they advise prescribers to use the hematopoietics?
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at lowest level needed to keep Hgb above threshold needed for blood transfusion (8-10 not 12-14)
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What are colony stimulating factors used for?
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stimulating blood cell production by the bone marrow in pts with bone marrow transplantation or chemotherapy-induced neutropenia.
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2 colony stimulating factors drugs
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filgrastim (Neupogen)
pegfilgrastim (Neulasta) |
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2 interferon drugs and what they're used to treat
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alfa-2a , alfa-2b
(hepatitis) (leukemia) |
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2 examples of interleukin drugs
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aldesleukin (Proleukin)
oprelvekin (Neumega) |
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What is aldesleukin produce, and what's it used to treat?
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tumor necrosis factor
metastatic kidney cancer and melanoma |
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What is oprelvekin used to prevent, and why is its usefulness limited?
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prevents thrombocytopenia
it's ineffective in severe thrombocytopenia & highly toxic |
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What is the bacillus calmette-guerin vaccine used for?
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TB
superficial urinary bladder cancer |
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What is the main mechanism of tissue damage in an autoimmune disorder?
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inflammation
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How is graft versus host disease produced and with what does that occur?
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donor cells mount an immune response against antigens on the host's tissues ; in bone marrow/stem cell transplants
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Corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory drugs that suppress the immune response at multiple levels, including the growth of...
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all lymphoid tissue and therefore decreasing the formation and function of antibodies and T cells
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5 classes of immunosuppressants
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corticosteroids
cytotoxic, anti-proliferative conventional anti-rejection agents antibody preparations cytokine inhibitors |
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What do cytotoxic, anti proliferative agents do?
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damage or kill cells that are able to reproduce
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What are cytotoxic, anti-proliferative agents used in primarily?
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cancer therapy but have immunosuppressive effect in smaller doses
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2 examples of cytotoxic anti-proliferative agents
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methotrexatae
mycophenolate |
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What does methotrexate do specifically?
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inhibits DNA and cell reproduction which lowers T cells
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What is methotrexate used for?
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cancer
autoimmune disorders (RA, psoriasis) prevent GVHD |
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How does mycophenolate work?
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inhibits proliferation and function of T and B lymphocytes
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What is mycophenolate used for?
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rejection reactions with renal, cardiac and hepatic transplants
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3 examples of conventional anti rejection agents
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cyclosporine
tacrolimus sirolimus |
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What are conventional anti rejection agents?
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fungal metabolites with strong immunosuppressive effect
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What are conventional anti rejection agents used for?
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preventing rejection reactions after solid organ transplants
(i.e. kidney, heart, lung, liver) |
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Where are antibody preparations produced?
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in labs or derived from animals injected with human lymphoid tissue
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2 examples of antibody preparations
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polyclonal antibodies
monoclonal antibodies |
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What are polyclonal antibodies and what are they used to treat?
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nonspecific immune globulin that suppresses humoral/cellular immune responses
treat renal transplant rejection and aplastic anemia in patients not candidates for bone marrow transplant |
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How can monoclonal antibodies be made?
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designed to suppress the specific components of the immune system that is causing tissue damage
(target a specific disease) |
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WHy do we titrate polyclonal antibodies?
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risk of anaphylactic shock
risk of BP dropping |
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another name for polyclonal antibodies
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anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG)
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WHat are the 2 major cytokines in chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disorders?
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IL-1 and TNF-alpha
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What immunosuppressant is used to fight IL-1 and TNF-alpha?
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cytokine inhibitors
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What do cytokine inhibitors do?
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inhibit one of the cytokines (either IL-1 or TNF-alpha) to suppress inflammation and promote tissue repair.
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Give examples of the conditions cytokine inhibitors are used for.
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RA
Crohn's disease psoriasis |
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2 types of cytokine inhibitors
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interleukin blocking agent (bind to IL-1)
tumor necrosis factor-alpha blocking agents (bind to TNF-alpha sites) |
