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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three types of vasodilators?
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Direct acting on smooth muscle, ACE inhibitors, Calcium channel blockers
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What are the venodilators?
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Nitrates and nitrites (nitroglycerin)
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What is hydralazine?
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It causes direct relaxation of arteriolar resistance beds. Somehow it interferes with IP3 action in smooth muscle.
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Which phosphodiesterase inhibitor do you use as a vasodilator?
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Usually aminophylline. Pimobendan only upon systolic failure.
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What are 5 types of vasodilators?
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Phosphodiesterase inhibitors, cholinergics like carbachol, dopamine, alpha 1 antagonists
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What is prazosin and what does it do?
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An alpha 1 antagonist. It causes arteriolar and venous dilation.
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What is especially good about prazosin?
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No reflex tachycardia
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What do Calcium channel blockers do?
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THEY ARE VASODILATORS.
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What is dihydropyridine amlopine?
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A calcium channel blocker that works on Type L channels. It vasodilates.
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What is enalopril?
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An ACE inhibitor.
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What is Losartan?
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An angiotensin II receptor antagonist
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Which is the only vasodilator that works only on arteries?
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Hydralazine
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Which class of antiarrhythmics slow down phase zero?
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Sodium channel blockers- Class 1.
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Which class of antiarrhythmics make phase 3 longer?
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Potassium channel blockers- Class 3
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What do Calcium channel blockers do as antiarrhythmics? What class are they?
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Prolong phase 4. They are Class 4 antiarrythmics.
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When should you not use Class 1 antiarrhythmics?
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In cases of complete heart block, sinus bradycardia, or AV block.
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What is Quinidine?
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A class 1-A antiarrhythmic.
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What is Procainamide?
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A class 1-A antiarrhythmic
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What is lidocaine?
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A class 1-b antiarrhythmic
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What are phenytoin and tocainide?
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Class 1-b antiarrhythmics.
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What does quinidine do?
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Sodium channel blocker. Helps ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. Suppresses conduction. Lengthens refractory period.
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How does procainamide differ from Quinidine?
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Procainamide is less effective at suppressing abnormal pacemaker activity, but a more potent inotrope.
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What does lidocaine do?
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Selectively binds to arrhythmogenic tissues. (Class 1-B antiarrhythmic) Accelerates repolarization.
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What do class 1-C antiarrhythmics do?
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Depress cardiac contractility, ouput and systemic blood pressure.
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What drug do you use to control supraventricular arrhythmias in the case of chronic heart failure?
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Digitalis glycosides (digoxin)
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What drug do you use to control supreaventricular arrhythmias when there is no chronic heart failure?
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Calcium channel blockers or beta blockers.
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What do Beta blockers do as antiarrhythmics?
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They prolong phase 4, reduce sinus heart rate, decrease blood pressure.
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What is amiodarone?
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A potassium channel blocker, class 3 antiarrhythmic.
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What does amiodarone do?
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Prolongs phase 3, prolongs refractory period.
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When do you use amiodarone?
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In life threatening arrhythmias and dilated cardiomyopathy.
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What is verapamil?
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A calcium channel blocker that works on cardiac channels (class 4 antiarrhythmic)
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What is diltiazem?
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A calcium channel blocker that works on the heart and the vaculature (class 4 antiarrhythmic)
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What are amlodipine and nifedipine?
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Calcium channel blockers that only work on the vasculature
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What is amlodipine the drug of choice for?
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hypertension in cats
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What kind of arrhythmias do you use calcium channel blockers for?
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Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Also promotes heart muscle relaxation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
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Name some drugs you usually need to monitor
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thyroid hormones, digoxin, phenobarbitol, primidone, bromide, cyclosporine, benzodiazepines, phenytoin, quinidine, aspirin, aminoglycosides like gentomicin
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How many mililiters in one ounce?
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30
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How many grams in a pound?
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454
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what is a one percent solution?
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1 gram per 100 mililiters
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When you give glucose, what happens to potassium?
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Insulin is released, causing potassium to be taken up into the cell
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Name three colloids in fluids
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Hetastarch, dextran, plasma
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What is the formula for replacement fluids?
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% dehydration x body weight (gives you LITERS of fluids)
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What are maintainance fluids?
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40-60 ml per kg per day
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What are shock rate fluids?
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50-100 ml per kg per HOUR
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What does digitalis (digoxin) do?
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Inhibits the sodium potassium ATP pump, thus increasing the calcium in the cell. It decreases the sinus rate, slows AV conduction, increases parasympathetic tone
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What kind of arrhythmias is digoxin good for?
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Atrial tachyarrhythmias
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What is dobutamine?
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A beta 1 agonist.
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What does dobutamine do?
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Increases cardiac contractility, increases heart rate, increases oxygen consumption.
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When do you use dobutamine?
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In acute congestive heart failure
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What does pimobendan do?
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It's a positive inotrope and a vasodilator, so it's an inodilator. It increases the sensitivity of the ventricular cells to calcium
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How does pimobendan increase sensitivity to calcium?
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It increases the sensitivity of Troponin C for calcium
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How does pimobendan work as a vasodilator?
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It inhibits phosphodiesterase 3, which increases cyclic AMP which decreases the binding of calcium-calmodulin to myosin light chain kinase
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What is pimobendan?
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A phosphodiesterase inhibitor
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What is pimobendan especially good for?
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Dilated cardiomyopathy and mitral disease-related congestive heart failure
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What drug would you use for atrial tachyarrhythmia?
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digitalis (digoxin)
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What drug would you use for supraventricular tacharrhythmias if you had no congestive heart failure?
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beta 1 antagonist atenolol or calcium channel blocker diltiazen
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What is the IV drug of choice for ventricular arrhythmias?
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Lidocaine
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What drug would you use for supraventricular arrhythmias in horses?
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quinidine
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What drug would you use for dilated cardiomyopathy?
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Amiodarone
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What is osmolarity?
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Number of discrete particles per one liter of solution
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What is osmolality?
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Number of discrete particles in one kilogram of solvent
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When do you give glucose in fluids? What is the problem with it?
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for hypoglycemia,for diuresis, to correct serious hyperkalemia. It causes insulin release which causes potassium to be taken up by cells. It is very acidic.
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When do you give extra potassium?
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When giving normosol M or when the animal isn't eating
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What is the maximum rate of potassium replacement?
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0.5 mili-equivalents per kiligram per hour
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