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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the field of study into the way drugs work (drug on body)?
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Pharmacodynamics
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What is the study of drug "behavior" in the body (body on drug) including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion?
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Pharmacokinetics
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What are secondary pharmacological effects observed when a drug is given at the recommended dose (it is predictable)?
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Side effects
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What are the unpredicted reactions produced in an animal by a drug given at the recommended dose?
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Adverse reactions
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What is it called when the response of a drug diminishes when given repeatedly in the same amounts (morphine addicts)?
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Tolerance
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What is rapid development of tolerance (nicotine in smokers)?
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Tachyphylaxis
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What is the therapeutic index?
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maximum tolerated dose/maximum effective dose
(LD50/ED50) |
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What is the term for administration of drugs applied to any route other than the guy (enteric tract)?
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Parenteral
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What type of application is applied to the skin, eyes, ears, and buccal cavity to deliver high concentrations on the pathological lesion?
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Topical application (local or systemic)
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What route of administration is injected directly into the central compartment?
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Intravenous (IV)
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What are some hazards of giving a drug IV?
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Risk of phlebitis
Arterial injection given in error Dose has to be accurate Some drugs have to be given slowly |
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What route of administration can be given in the form of pills, syrups, boluses, balling guns, paste, powders, etc...?
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Oral (per os)
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What route of administration is rapid for aqueous solutions but not as fast as intravenous?
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Intramuscular (IM)
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What route of administration is used in small animals for vaccinations, must be compatible pH and tonicity, and is not commonly given in horses?
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Sub Q
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What route of administration is used for local anesthesia of the perineum for obstetrical procedures in cattle and sheep?
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Epidural
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What route of administration is occasionally used to administer fluids where veins are collapsed and difficult to use?
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Intraperitoneal (I/P)
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What are some IV injection sites for the horse?
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Jugular Vein
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What are some IM injection sites for the horse?
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Neck
Gluteals Pectorals Triceps Semimembranosus/semitendinosus |
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What are some IV injection sites for the cow?
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Jugular
Milk vein Coccygeal |
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What are some IM injection sites for the horse?
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Gluteals
Triceps Neck Pectoral Semimembranosus group |
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What are some subQ sites of injection in the cow?
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middle of neck, over the ribcage
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What are some IV injection sites for the pig?
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ear vein , anterior vena cava
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What are some IM injection sites for the pig?
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Neck
Triceps Ham |
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What are some subQ sites of injection for the pig?
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Behind the ear
Precrural fold Axillary space |
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What are some IV injection sites for the cat and dog?
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Cephalic vein
Jugular Saphenous Tarsal |
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What are some IM injection sites for cat and dog?
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Semimembranosus group
Quadriceps Epaxial muscles |
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What are some subQ injection sites for the cat and dog?
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Scruff of neck
Flank |
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When is the extralabel use of a drug permitted?
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Where no FDA-approved drug exists
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What is the measure of the extent of drug absorption, usually a comparison of one route or dosage form against the intravenous?
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Bioavailability
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How are drugs generally absorbed?
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Have to pass across body and cell membranes to reach target receptors
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What is the major route of drug passage, through aqueous pores or through the lipoprotein region?
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Passive diffusion
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What equation determines the rate of passive diffusion?
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Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
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What will reduce a drugs availability for diffusion?
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protein binding
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How is penicillin transported across membranes in the renal tubule?
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Carrier mediated transport
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What is important to consider when a drug can or cannot diffuse across the blood-brain barrier?
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The partition coefficient (lipid solubility)
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What are the two factors governing the passage of drugs across membranes?
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Lipid solubility
Degree of ionization |
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What two processes does the pseudodistribution equilibrium curve look at?
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Absorption
Elimination |
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What consists of processes to facilitate excretion and generally render drugs less potent?
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Biotransformation
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What is an inactive compound that becomes active after it is metabolized?
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pro-drugs
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Drugs metabolized in the _________ tend to be lipid soluble.
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Liver
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