Pharm 1

Front 1

Efficacy

Back 1

the degree that drugs act as expected

Front 2

Selectivity

Back 2

exerts only the effects for which it is given; no side effects

Front 3

Predictability

Back 3

can determine the exact response

Front 4

Tolerance

Back 4

decreased responsiveness to a drug as a result of repeated drug

Front 5

Pharmacodynamics

Back 5

the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs and the molecular mechanisms by which those effects are produced

Front 6

Pharmacokinetics

Back 6

the study of drug movement throughout the body; includes drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
how body affects drug

Front 7

Bioavailability

Back 7

the ability of a drug to reach the systemic circulation from its site of administration (varies mainly among oral medications due to enteric coating, sustained release formulations, tablet disintegration time)

Front 8

Pharmacotherapeutics

Back 8

the use of drugs to diagnose, prevent , or treatdisease or to prevent pregnancy; the medical use of drugs

Front 9

Chemical name

Back 9

constitutes a description of a drug unsing the nomenclature of chemistry, and can be very long and complex

Front 10

Generic name

Back 10

assigned by the United States Adopted Names Council. Each drug has only one generic name, known as the nonproprietary name. Generic names are less complex than chemical names but more complex than trade names, first letter of the name is NOT capitalized, and it is derived from the chemical name

Front 11

Trade Names

Back 11

known as the proprietary or brand names, the names under which the drug is marketed. Names are created by drug companies, intended to be easy for people to pronounce. Names must be approved by the FDA and cannot imply unlikely efficacy (ex. Tylenol)

Front 12

Schedule 1

Back 12

no accepted medical use in the United States, have a high potential for abuse (heroin, LSD)

Front 13

Schedule 2

Back 13

high abuse potential, has accepted medical use. Need written script only, emergency verbal script which must be confirmed in writing within 72 hours (morphine, codeine)

Front 14

Schedule 3

Back 14

les abuse potential, script expires in 6 months, limit 5 refills (opioids in combination with other drugs such as Percocet).

Front 15

Schedule 4

Back 15

less abuse potential, same rules as III (Barbituates).

Front 16

Schedule 5

Back 16

least abuse potential, may or may not require script depending on state (antidiarrheal drugs)

Front 17

Off label

Back 17

is a use of a drug that has not been evaluated by the FDA

Front 18

The liver is the main organ involved in

Back 18

drug metabolism

Front 19

Drug half life

Back 19

the time required for the amount of drug in the body to decrease by half.

Front 20

Therapeutic Index

Back 20

a measure of a drug’s safety (the ratio of a drug’s LD50 to its ED50), the LD50, or average legal dose, is the dose that is lethal to 50% of the animals treated, the ED50 is the average effective dose.

Front 21

A high therapeutic index indicates that

Back 21

that a drug is relatively safe, small therapeutic index indicates the drug is unsafe. A safe drugs lethal dose will be much higher than the therapeutic dose.

Front 22

A placebo effect

Back 22

is a preparation that is devoid of intrinsic pharmacologic activity
-A placebo response is based solely on the person’s psychological reaction to the idea of taking a medication and not to any direct physiologic or biochemical action of the chemical itself.

Front 23

The kidneys are primarily responsible for

Back 23

drug excretion; urinary excretion is the result of three processes:
1. Glomerular filtration
2. Passive tubular reabsorption
3. Active tubular secretion

Front 24

Idiosyncratic reaction

Back 24

an uncommon drug response resulting from a genetic predisposistion.

Front 25

Teratogen

Back 25

birth defect including malformations of the gross anatomy, neurobehavioral, and metabolic anomalies

Front 26

What type of drugs will most readily pass the placental barrier?

Back 26

-Lipid-soluble drugs will most readily pass the placental barrier
-Drugs that are ionized, highly polar, or protein bound cross with difficulty

Front 27

desensitization

Back 27

loss of responsiveness to the continuing or increasing dose of a drug

Front 28

potency

Back 28

amount of drug needed to elicit an effect

Front 29

Half life

Back 29

time required for the amount of the drug in the body to decrease by 50%

Front 30

absorption

Back 30

movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood

Front 31

distribution

Back 31

drug movement from the blood to the interstitial space of tissues and then into cells

Front 32

metabolism

Back 32

enzymatically mediated alteration of drug structure, takes place in the liver

Front 33

excretion

Back 33

waste products of metabolism are excreted from an organism, kidney is the main excreting organ

Front 34

pH ion trapping

Back 34

buildup of higher concentration of a drug due to the difference in pH

Front 35

•Enterohepatic recirculation/glucoronidation-

Back 35

drugs that travel from the liver to the duodenum via the bile duct, then back to the liver via portal blood.

Front 36

• Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)-

Back 36

essential for the metabolism of drugs

Front 37

lipid soluble

Back 37

can readily cross barriers

Front 38

First pass effect

Back 38

rapid hepatic inactivation of certain oral drugs, that get broken down by the liver too quickly, and may need a different route of administration.

Front 39

Agonist

Back 39

drugs that mimic the body’s own regulatory molecules

Front 40

Antagonist

Back 40

produce their effects by preventing receptor activation by endogenous regulatory molecules and drugs. High affinity but no intrinsic activity.

Front 41

Partial agonist

Back 41

only have moderate intrinsic activity, can work as agonists because they have a lower maximum effect than normal agonists.

Front 42

• Idiosyncratic

Back 42

an uncommon drug response resulting from a genetic predisposition

Front 43

Iatrogenic

Back 43

a disease produced by a physician or drugs

Front 44

teratogenic

Back 44

a drug induced birth defect

Front 45

Carcinogenic

Back 45

cancer causing

Front 46

• Ratio LD50/ED50

Back 46

LD50 is the lethal dosage for 50% of people that take it, and ED50 is dose required to produce an effect on 50% of the population.

Front 47

loading dose

Back 47

larger amount of dosage given to reach plateau faster.

Front 48

Maintenance dose

Back 48

the maintenance rate [mg/hr] of drug administration equal to the rate of elimination at steady state

Front 49

Precaution

Back 49

a measure taken in advance to prevent something dangerous, unpleasant, or inconvenient from happening

Front 50

Contrainindication

Back 50

a condition or factor that serves as a reason to withhold a certain medical treatment

Front 51

Plateau

Back 51

taking a drug at a constant rate to maintain a certain level of it in your body

Front 52

drug

Back 52

a chemical that acts on a biological substance

Front 53

pharmacology

Back 53

Study of drugs and drug interactions on living systems. Becomes clinical pharmacology when studied on people

Front 54

therapeutics

Back 54

the action of the drug – the reason it is given –Diagnose, prevent or treat

Front 55

effectiveness

Back 55

Degree that the drug acts as expected

Front 56

safety

Back 56

Degree to which it lacks harmful effects. No drug completely safe.

Front 57

ideal drug

Back 57

effectiveness, safety, selective

Front 58

adverse effect

Back 58

Any unwanted drug effects that occur at normal doses.
Range from minor irritant to severe or fatal

Front 59

side effect

Back 59

An almost unavoidable secondary effect that occurs at normal doses

Front 60

six rights

Back 60

Right Drug
Right Patient
Right Dose
Right Route
Right Time
Right Documentation

Front 61

assessment

Back 61

Done before administration and ongoing throughout therapy
Goal is to determine clients at high risk for injury or adverse reactions. Determine if particular precautions or contraindications are present.

Front 62

analysis

Back 62

Determine the appropriateness of therapy
Identify possible health problems that might result from therapy
Determine client’s self-care ability
Make nursing diagnoses

Front 63

pure food and drug act

Back 63

weak Mostly to do with labeling. Drug free of adulterants but did not deal with safety or effectiveness
founded us pharmacopoeia

Front 64

Durham-Humphrey Amendment 1952

Back 64

Specified how prescription drugs can be ordered and refilled.

Front 65

pre clinical phase new drug development

Back 65

First Animal Studies to establish (1-5 years)
Toxicity
Pharmacokinetics
Potential biological usefulness
Therapeutic Index: dose that has a therapeutic effect on 50% of animals

Front 66

clinical phase

Back 66

Human Studies – Need enough preclinical data
Submit Investigational New Drug (IND) Application to FDA
Phase I – Initial evaluation small # of normal volunteers (20-80).
Evaluate metabolism & effect on humans
Phase II – Limited controlled evaluation (Double blind studies) – given in gradually higher doses to people with disease. Concerned with effectiveness.
Phase III – extended clinical evaluation (500 – 5000 Patients – double blind studies) establish safety & efficacy.

Front 67

P-glycoprotein

Back 67

Transports many drugs out of cells

Front 68

Quaternary ammonium compounds

Back 68

Molecules that contain at least one atom of nitrogen and carry a positive charge at all times
Not lipid soluble, unable to cross most membranes

Front 69

acid

Back 69

is a proton donor – tends to ionize in basic (alkaline) media

Front 70

parenteral

Back 70

Outside GI Tract
Usual meaning is injectable – IV, IM, SC (SQ), ID

Front 71

Glomerular filtration

Back 71

moves drugs from blood to urine. Protein bound drugs cannot pass

Front 72

Passive tubular reabsorption

Back 72

lipid soluble drugs move back to blood

Front 73

Active tubular excretion

Back 73

“pumps” move drugs back from blood to urine

Front 74

Minimal effective concentration

Back 74

plasma level of drug below which the drug will not achieve a therapeutic effect

Front 75

plateau Peak concentration

Back 75

highest level should not exceed toxic

Front 76

plateau Trough concentration

Back 76

lowest concentration Should not go below MEC

Front 77

agonist

Back 77

a drug that has affinity, (attraction) binds with and stimulates the receptor (mimics). Turns it ON

Front 78

antagonist

Back 78

a drugs that has affinity, binds with and blocks action at the receptor. Turns it OFF

Front 79

Pharmacodynamic tolerance

Back 79

Related to long-term use of drugs such as morphine or heroin

Front 80

Tachyphylaxis

Back 80

Reduced drug responsiveness from repeated doses over a short time

Front 81

Pharmacogenomics

Back 81

study of how genes affect individual drug responses

Front 82

Impact of drugs on fetus Critical periods

Back 82

First 2 weeks preimplantation
3-8 weeks Embryonic lots of development

Front 83

What should you use to calculate dose?

Back 83

(BSA in sq meters x adult dose)/1.73

Front 84

Immature organ development effects the following pharmacokinetic processes

Back 84

Absorption
Excretion
Metabolism
Protein binding
Blood-brain barrier

Front 85

Renal function needs to be measured by

Back 85

Creatinine clearance not serum creatinine.