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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Gestational Age? |
Age (in weeks) from 1st day of last menstrual period |
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What is the difference between Post natal age (PNA) and Post Menstrual Age (PMA)? |
PNA: Age from birth to present (aka Chronological age) PMA: Gestational Age + PNA (aka Post conceptional age) |
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Why is PMA used instead of PNA in neonates? |
Because it better correlates with how the liver and kidney are developing, this is because renal function correlates with GA no with PNA. |
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"A 50% increase in GFR occurs within the first 2 weeks of life in term infants" True or False? |
True |
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What is considered "very low birth weight"? |
Birth weight < 2 kg |
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What is the difference between an Infant, Child and Adolescent? |
Infant: 1-12 months Child: 1-12 years Adolescent: 12-18 years |
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What is the difference between Growth and Development? |
Growth = Changes in size Development = Changes in function |
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What are "fontanelle"? What is the difference between the anterior and posterior fontanelle? |
Fontanelle are soft spots where the head plates have not fused together Anterior closes at around 18 months Posterior closes at around 6 months |
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Which Fontanelle is used clinically? |
Anterior fontanelle is useful clinically -Sunken=Dehydration -Bulging=Increased intracranial pressure |
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What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus? |
The blood vessel (called ductus arteriosus) closes within 15hrs after birth because of a decline in circulating maternal prostaglandins In PDA the ductus doesn't close because of maintained prostaglandin levels |
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What are the common challenges associated with paediatric patients? |
1) Finding pediatric drug info 2) Need to reply on case reports with small clinical studies in children 3) Deciding how to apply the limited data available to specific patients 4) Application of "evidence based mechanisms" |
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What are the most common DTPs in children? |
1) Too little of the correct drug 2) Too much of the correct drug |
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"Generally, children ____ years old cannot swallow tablets or capsules" |
< 5 |
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What is the most appropriate measuring device for oral meds in infants? |
1) Oral syringe (best choice for accurate measuring and ease of administration) |
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What is a "Medibottle"? |
A container shaped like a standard infant bottle with an inner sleeve to hold 3 or 5ml oral syringe |
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What are the strategies for improving compliance in children? |
1) Use proper measuring device 2) For poor tasting meds (mix with small amts of strong flavored foods, numb taste buds with iced treat, pick more concentrated form to minimize volume) 3) Establish frequent contact with family 4) Explain the dosing and directions clearly 5) For older children/teenagers consider use of page like alarms 6) Involve the patient with responsibility on the meds |
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What are the Tanner Stages? |
A scale used to describe the onset and progression of pubertal stages (ranked on a 5 point scale, with 5 being completed puberty) Used frequently for HIV meds |
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"In general there is no cut off age after which children are dosed as adults" True or False? |
True |
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Why are pediatric prescriptions more prone to errors than adult ones? |
1) Doses are not standard 2) Math errors when calculating the dose 3) Suspensions often have to be compounded 4) Tablets may have to be cut 5) Dilutions need to be made to make amounts that are measurable 6) Adult capsules/tablets are often manipulated into solutions for pediatric use 7) Solution conc can differ 8) Use is often off-label, so dosing info is not readily available |
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In the hospital setting what systems are in place to decrease the error rate of prescriptions? |
1) Unit dose (rather than multiple dose) system 2) Computerized physician order entry 3) Standardized order forms (fill in the weight`0 4) Alert systems 5) Formulary systems 6) Use of standardized measurements (kg instead of lbs) 7) Individual patient bar coding 8) Interdisciplinary team environment |
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What are strategies used to prevent out-patient errors? |
1) Appropriate measuring tools should be provided with proper instructions 2) Current paediatric focused references should be made available 3) Separation of look-alike, sound alike meds 4) Education to caregivers to store meds out of reach of children with child proof caps 5) Review original medication order prior to dispensing the medication 6) Request info from the doctor regarding new or unfamiliar meds 7) Dispense meds for individual patients in a pre-measured, ready to administer form 8) Carefully document products used, steps, calculations, performed in the preparation or manufacturing of the product 9) Independent double check of the calculation 10) Document all verbal orders received from the doctor immediately after receiving them |
