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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Explicit (declarative) memory
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is a type of long-term memory in which we store memories of fact. In addition, declarative memory is divided further into semantic and episodic memories. So, if you have memories of things such as when Columbus sailed to America or what day and time your baby brother was born, you have declarative memories.
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Implicit (Nondeclarative/Procedural) Memory
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involves recollection of skills, things you know how to do, preferences, etc., that you don't need to recall consciously. For example, if you know how to ride a bike and you can do so without having to think about it, you are demonstrating implicit memory.
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Semantic Memory
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one of the three types of long-term memory (the others are episodic and procedural) in which we store general world knowledge like facts, ideas, words, problem solving, etc.
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Episodic Memory
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is the type of long-term, declarative memory in which we store memories of personal experiences that are tied to particular times and places. For example, if you are having a conversation with a friend and you tell your friend, "last night I went to a 9:00 movie..." you are recalling information stored in episodic memory. This type of memory is often what comprises eye-witness testimony and is especially susceptible to subsequent events like questioning, reading the newspaper, talking to others about the event, etc.
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Recall
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simply bringing a thought or idea learned previously, and thus stored in memory into conscious awareness. When you remember something you are actually "recalling" the memory. When you have to complete an essay exam, you are recalling information learned previously.
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Recognition
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identifying something you learned previously and is therefore stored in some manner in memory. For example, taking a multiple choice test requires you to identify material you learned
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Long-Term Memory
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refers to the unlimited capacity memory store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time. By saying "lengthy periods of time" we mean that it is possible for memories to remain there for an entire lifetime. In addition, there are three types of these memories: procedural memory, semantic memory, and episodic memory.
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Basic Process of Placing Info Into Memory
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Acoustic Codes, Semantic Codes & Visual Codes
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Acoustic Encoding
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the process of remembering and comprehending something that you hear. Repetition of words or putting information into a song or rhythm uses this process. Learning the multiplication table, for instance, can be an acoustic process. You see the numbers on the chart, and you do the work on paper, but many people can rhythmically recite “six times six is thirty-six” because of the attention that was given to the sound of the numbers when spoken. If you find yourself talking or reading aloud while doing your homework, you are using this process.
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Visual Encoding
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refers to the process by which we remember visual images. For example, if you are presented a list of words, each shown for one second, you would be able to remember if there was a word that was written in all capital letters, or if there was a word written in italics. Information that was encoded visually is very fleeting, and tends to be forgotten very easily. We are usually better able to remember information that we hear, or those that are relevant to us.
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Semantic Encoding
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the process of getting information into memory for storage. This process is a specific type of encoding in which the meaning of something (a word, phrase, picture, event, whatever) is encoded as opposed to the sound or vision of it. Research suggests that we have better memory for things we associate meaning to and store using this process.
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Eidetic Memory
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the ability to retain images in memory that are almost perfect photographic quality. The memories have great detail (much more than normal memories) and can be maintained in memory for a period of minutes
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Anterograde Amnesia
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loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused the amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact
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Retrograde Amnesia
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is a loss of access to events that occurred, or information that was learned, before an injury or the onset of a disease. is often temporally graded, consistent with Ribot's Law: more recent memories closer to the traumatic incident are more likely to be forgotten than more remote memories.
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Drugs
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Often disrupt the transfer from STM to LTM. E.g., Marijuana: Impedes this process but does not appear to inhibit the ability to recall existing information in LTM.
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Measurement
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must be reliable: consistent measurement. EG. Weight Scale
Mental Measurements: SAT, GRE, GMAT, MCAT |
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Validity
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If the test does indeed measure what it is intended to measure, then we can say that the test is...
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Predictive Validity
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The relationship between test scores and later performance on a knowledge, skill or ability. SATs are said to have. There is a relationship between scores on the SAT and an individual's performance in college.
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Content Validity
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refers to the ability of a measurement tool (e.g., a survey, test, etc) to actually measure the psychological concept being studied.
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Galton
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-Eugenics: Breeding genetic superiority
-Abject failure -Started the movement to quantify mental measurement |
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Binet
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-IQ test
-Original purpose was to identify children who were not up to speed so that they could get them in some remedial programs. |
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Terman and Stern (Stanford University)
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-IQ = Mental age/Chronological age
Assumption:Intelligence is a fixed, inheritable entity |
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Goddard (1912)
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-Identify mentally defective immigrants; E.g., “What does a tennis court look like?”
-83% Jews, 80% Hungarians, 87% Russians, 79% Italians were “feeble minded.” |
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US Army and WWI (Intelligence)
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Screen out mentally slow recruits
Culturally biased |
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Foster home(IQ TEst)
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No genetic similarity yet high correlations among children reared in same home; Adopted children in enriching environments = Higher IQ scores than those in impoverished environments
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Bell Curve
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A frequency curve where most occurrences take place in the middle of the distribution and taper off on either side. A "true" normal curve is when all measures of central tendency occur at the highest point in the curve. The normal curve is an important, strong, reoccurring phenomenon in psychology. An example of a normal distribution would be a frequency distribution of people's height. Most people would be of average height with extremes occurring on either side.
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Standardization
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Consistency and objectivity of how tests are administered and scored. In order to compare one person to another on a test, it is important that they take the test under the same conditions and the same scoring procedure is applied to both. For example, suppose one person took a math test in a thunderstorm and the other in a silent proof room. Based on the test scores, could we really say who was better in math? Or is it fairer to say that the thunderstorm condition confounded that person's score? Let us further say that we applied different scoring criteria to each of the test takers. Could we still say who was better in math? This is way standardization is so important in testing.
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Reliability Coefficient
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The correlation coefficient is called the reliability coefficient when a correlation is used to determine or estimate reliability.
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factor analysis
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Factor analysis is a type of statistical procedure that is conducted to identify clusters or groups of related items (called factors) on a test. For example, when you take a multiple choice Introductory Psychology test, a factor analysis can be done to see what types of questions you did best on and worst on (maybe they did best on factual types of questions but really poorly on conceptual types of questions).
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Normal Curve
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A frequency curve where most occurrences take place in the middle of the distribution and taper off on either side. Normal curves are also called bell shaped curves. A "true" normal curve is when all measures of central tendency occur at the highest point in the curve. The normal curve is an important, strong, reoccurring phenomenon in psychology. An example of a normal distribution would be a frequency distribution of people's height. Most people would be of average height with extremes occurring on either side.
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emotional intelligence
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The awareness of and ability to manage one's emotions in a healthy and productive manner.
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heritability
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How much are you like your father or your mother? While our experiences and our situations have tremendous impacts on who we are, how we act, etc., our genetic makeup is also important in determining these factors. Therefore, our heritability, or the extent to which differences in a trait can be attributed to our genetic makeup is important in trying to understand human behavior. Also, keep in mind that genes and environment do not occur in isolation, but interact with each other. As a result, you are who you are, and you act and think the ways you do because of the combination of your heritability and your environment.
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savant syndrome
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People with savant syndrome typically score poorly on intelligence tests, but have specific talent or skill for which they are exceptional. For example, someone who may be of limited intelligence may be a remarkable painter or musician. Another example may be someone who is barely able to speak correctly but is a mathematical genius.
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divergent thinking.
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is a thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions. It is often used in conjunction with convergent thinking, which follows a particular set of logical steps to arrive at one solution, which in some cases is a "correct" solution. Divergent thinking typically occurs in a spontaneous, free-flowing manner, such that many ideas are generated in an emergent cognitive fashion. Many possible solutions are explored in a short amount of time, and unexpected connections are drawn. After the process of divergent thinking has been completed, ideas and information are organized and structured using convergent thinking.
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Memory
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A cognitive system that retains information. Similar to a computer's ability to retain information, your brain remembers bits of information such as your mother's name or first day of college. You would be unable to retrieve this information if you were unable to have it stored in your memory. There many components to memory including senory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory, forgetting, and more.
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the "peg-word" system
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is a technique for memorizing lists. It works by pre-memorizing a list of words that are easy to associate with the numbers they represent (1 to 10, 1-100, 1-1000, etc). Those objects form the "pegs" of the system. Then in the future, to rapidly memorize a list of arbitrary objects, each one is associated with the appropriate peg. Generally, a peglist only has to be memorized one time, and can then be used over and over every time a list of items needs to be memorized.
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chunking
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A very basic definition is that chunking is a way of organizing information into familiar groupings. This is done with all sorts of information, including numbers, single words, and multiple-word phrases which are collapsed into a single word, to create acronyms. The main advantage of this type of mnemonic device is that it enhances retention and memory. For example, how do you remember the names of the 5 Great Lakes? If you just remember the acronym, HOMES, you may find it easier to remember that the names of the Great Lakes are Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior.
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Self-Interest
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generally refers to a focus on the needs or desires (interests) of oneself.
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Social Approval
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is the positive evaluation of an individual or group in a social context. The social reinforcement provided has important inplications for social behavior, in that people will generally consistently act in ways to win approval and avoid criticism.
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Encoding
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The process of getting into the memory system for storage and later retrieval. Any information which we sense and subsequently attempt to process, store, and later retrieve must be brought in through one of the senses and then transformed into some form that our bodies and minds understand. The process of breaking the information down into a form we understand is the process
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Retrieval
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the process in which information in your memory can be recalled. Information concerning events, images and feelings are all stored in our memory. Just because you cannot remember something doesn't mean that it is not in your memory. It maybe a problem with being able to locate it for...
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Rehearsal
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I love pizza. Unfortunately I can never remember the phone number for pizza delivery and I'm not smart enough to write it down. So I have to call information for the number. To make sure I don't forget the number from the time the operator tells me to the time I dial it, I engage in rehearsal -- consciously repeating the information over and over so that I can keep it in temporary memory. Rehearsal can also be used to encode it for long-term memory storage, but I can't seem to get it in there and so I have to call the operator every time.
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Emotion
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it is a response by a whole organism, involving (1) physical arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.
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Moral Development
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As children age, they become more adept at distinguishing right from wrong. For example, most two year olds don't know that it is wrong to take something that is not yours, however, by the time you are an adult, you know that stealing is wrong. This process is...
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Moral Reasoning
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the process of determining right or wrong in a given situation. According to the American psychologist, Lawrence Kohlberg, people develop through three levels of moral reasoning as needed by situations they encounter. The lowest level of development involves making decisions of morality based on the prospect of punishment - in other words, by trying to avoid getting punished. At the second level a person perceives an absolute right and wrong and believes the law is the judge of morality. A person has reached the highest level when they make moral choices based on social contracts, or unspoken agreements to behave a certain way, and when they can generalize ethical principals beyond their own interests. This is a more abstract type of reasoning and not one based on simple ideas such as trying to avoid punishment.
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Psychosocial Development
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Erikson's theory of psychosocial development includes eight stages of development. At each stage there is a different and specific conflict that the individual must resolve in order to move to the next stage of development. If the person is unable to resolve a conflict at a particular stage, they will confront and struggle with it later in life. According to Schultz and Schultz (1987), "The person is faced with a choice between two ways of coping with each crisis, an adaptive or maladaptive way. Only when each crisis is resolved, which involves a change in the personality, does the person have sufficient strength to deal with the next stages of development".
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Social Development
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personality is learned through the interactions with the environment.
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Sensory Memory
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only capable of retaining information for a very short period of time. This type of memory allows your eye to have a larger field of vision by remembering images that your eye has already focused on. In actuality, your eyes' field of vision is quite small but because of sensory memory you are able to remember stimulus your eye has already viewed.
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Next-In-Line Effect
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that a person in a group has diminished recall for the words of others who spoke immediately before or after this person.
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Serial Position Effect
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This term is a memory-related term and refers to the tendency to recall information that is presented first and last (like in a list) better than information presented in the middle. Sometimes I experience this when I go to the store and don't write a list. My wife tells me the things we need and I try to remember them by rehearsing them (I say the list over and over). This keeps the information in short-term memory longer. But in the time it takes me to get to the store and then with all the distractions of getting items, looking at labels, etc., I tend to remember the items that were first on the list (probably because I rehearsed them so much) and the last items (probably because those were the ones I heard most recently) but always forget the ones in the middle.
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Reliability
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refers to the extent to which a test or other instrument is consistent in its measures. For example, a weight scale can be judged reliable if measures for a 25-pound weight do not vary over time or change for subsequent weightings. Reliability is an important concept in science. If a test is not reliable, we cannot find the answers to our questions. Imagine placing a 25-pound weight on a scale and getting a different answer every time.
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Accuracy
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the degree of closeness of measurements of a quantity to that quantity's actual (true) value.
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method of loci
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This is a mnemonic device or technique in which a person visualizes the items they're trying to learn in different spatial locations. To do this, the person associates the items with landmarks in some familiar place, which helps them recall the items later.
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puberty
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Puberty is the time period between childhood and adulthood when physical changes allow for reproduction, i.e. making babies. Is also the time when parents are at the greatest risk of contracting PMB (parental mental breakdown - just kidding). Common experiences during puberty include clumsiness (legs growing faster than the child can adjust to), voice changes, and a power struggle between parent and child as the child attempts to become more independent.
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Cognitive Developmental Theory
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According to Piaget. His theory of cognitive development is a "stage theory" which has several stages of development, and in each stage of development, children are faced with challenging situations which they must deal with and overcome through increased mental abilities. Once the challenge is successfully dealt in that stage, the children can move on to the next stage of cognitive development. This is similar to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, but this is a cognitive theory...it's based on cognitive challenges and cognitive advancements by the child which allow them to overcome the challenges. After each new stage is reached, there is a plateau during which the child/person is able to think in new and more advanced ways. For example, an infant can't think in abstract terms like you can because you have reached a more advanced stage of cognitive development and a higher stage in Piaget's theory.
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stereotype threat
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is the fear that one's behavior will confirm an existing stereotype of a group with which one identifies. This fear may lead to an impairment of performance.
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Flashbulb Memory
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The sudden onset of a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. When you are trying to remember something and then it "all of a sudden comes to you", you have experienced a flash bulb memory. It is like turning on a light.
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Error Rate
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Ratio of the number of signal elements (or data) incorrectly received to the total number transmitted. (2) The probability of an error occurring during the transmission of a message.
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Success Rate
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the fraction or percentage of success among a number of attempts
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Preoperational Stage
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is one of Piaget's four stages of cognitive development. Infants between the ages of 18 and 24 months acquire the ability to visualize objects and events mentally. Playing house and war games are an example of a children's ability to do this. At 7, the child moves to the next stage: Concrete Operations.
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Concrete Operational Stage of Development
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(from about 7 to 12 years of age) children gain the abilities and mental operations that allow them to think logically about concrete events such as mathematical operations and principles, and conservation.
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Sensorimotor Stage of Development
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from birth to approximately age 2 learn to coordinate all their sensory experiences (sights, sounds, etc.) with their motor behaviors. At this stage of development children learn about and start to understand the world around them by doing things like sucking, grasping, crawling, etc.
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Formal Operational Stage
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when a person gets to be approximately age 12, they acquire the ability to think logically about abstract concepts. They can extrapolate about events that occurred at different times (does not have to be occurring right then and there), think about people that are not there, etc.
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Short-Term Memory
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the part of the memory system where information is stored for roughly 30 seconds. Information can be maintained longer with the use of such techniques as rehearsal. To retain the information for extended periods of time; it must be consolidated into long-term memory where it can then be retrieved. allows you to retain phone numbers from an operator before and while you are dialing the number of interest. Capacity is limited
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Implicit Memory
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also known as nondeclarative memory, involves recollection of skills, things you know how to do, preferences, etc., that you don't need to recall consciously. For example, if you know how to ride a bike and you can do so without having to think about it, you are demonstrating implicit memory.
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Mood-Congruent Behavior
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means that expressed actions are consistent with how one feels. If someone has a worried look on their face, others might view that person as being anxious; a bright and open attitude will be seen in a happy person. In these cases, people are associating the person's behavior (the face being made) to their mood.
This concept is used in the psychology of consumer behavior where the marketer tries to create a certain mood in the buyer that matches the qualities of the product. For example, if a perfume is supposed to make one feel desirable and attractive, the marketer will use ads and store designs that will create a mood that makes the buyer feel the same way, resulting in purchase of the product. |
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Explicit Memory
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also known as declarative memory is a type of long-term memory in which we store memories of fact. In addition, explicit memory is divided further into semantic and episodic memories (please look those up for complete definitions). So, if you have memories of things such as when Columbus sailed to America or what day and time your baby brother was born, you have explicit memories
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Spacing Effect
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refers in psychology to the observed phenomenon that items that are repeated during list learning are remembered better if their two presentations are spread out over time (spaced presentation) than immediately one after the other (massed presentation). This robust phenomenon is found in many explicit memory tasks such as free recall, recognition, cued-recall, and frequency estimation
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Misinformation Effect
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Human memory is not as good as people like to think. There are times when you are 100% confident in your memory of something and the reality is, your memory is wrong. This is often seen in eye witness testimony situations. How is it that 10 people witness a crime and when asked, there are 10 different versions of the crime? According to this effect, when we witness an event and then get some incorrect information about that event, we incorporate that incorrect information (misinformation) into our memory of the event. The result in an altered memory of the event. You may not want to believe this one, but it's true and we are all susceptible to it.
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Long-Term Potentiation
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involves a physical change in the structure of neurons, has been proposed as the mechanism by which short-term memories move into long-term storage
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Automatic Processing
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sort of like muscle memory. When you start to do something that you have done many times, and you can complete it successfully without giving it any thought, that's automatic processing. It can actually be disruptive to begin to think about the process once it has started automatically. If you have ever played the piano, or knitted a scarf, you know how your hands seem to move on their own while your mind goes somewhere else. When you look back at your music or yarn, you might lose your place and stumble over the next steps, interrupting the...
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Mnemonic Device
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is any learning technique that aids memory. Commonly encountered mnemonics are often verbal, such as a very short poem or a special word used to help a person remember something, particularly lists, but a mnemonic may instead be visual, kinesthetic or auditory. Mnemonics rely on associations between easy-to-remember constructs which can be related back to the data that are to be remembered. This is based on the observation that the human mind much more easily remembers spatial, personal, surprising, physical, sexual or humorous or otherwise meaningful information, as compared to retrieving arbitrary sequences.
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Proactive Interference
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Difficulty in learning new information because of already existing information. For example, an English speaking person may have greater difficulty learning Spanish because of his or her tendency to want to apply English grammar to the new language. Some people have a harder time learning how to drive an automatic vehicle because of their preexisting knowledge of how to drive a stick shift. The driver may want to use his or her left foot for the break where they are used to having the clutch. The same person may have learned to drive an automatic more easily without his or her knowledge of a standard car.
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Social Institutionism
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is a movement in moral psychology that arose in contrast to more heavily rationalist theories of morality, like that of Lawrence Kohlberg. Kohlberg developed a stage theory of moral reasoning that he claimed accounts for people's moral behavior. More sophisticated reasoning, he asserted, should lead one to more consistent moral action, because one realizes that moral principles are prescriptive in nature and so demand action from the self.
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Cognitive Perspective
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the psychological viewpoint that the focuses on the how people (and other animals) process, store, and retrieve information and how this information is used to reason and solve problems. Obviously, the part about reasoning is generally reserved for humans, although there is some argument concerning the possibility that other animals also reason and engage in problem-solving behaviors.
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Psychosocial
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of or pertaining to the interaction between social and psychological factors.
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Evolutionary Psychology
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is "an approach to psychology, in which knowledge and principles from evolutionary biology are put to use in research on the structure of the human mind. It is not an area of study, like vision, reasoning, or social behavior. It is a way of thinking about psychology that can be applied to any topic within it. In this view, the mind is a set of information-processing machines that were designed by natural selection to solve adaptive problems faced by our hunter-gatherer ancestors." As such, this field really examines natural selection and how it favors behaviors that help keep a species going from one generation to the next.
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Crystallized Intelligence
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The amount of information you obtain and the verbal skills you develop over time. One argument that many people have offered against tests such as the SAT is that, although the creators and supports claim that the SAT is designed to measure potential, that it in fact measures this type of intelligence, which is not predictive, but achievement.
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Role Confusion
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occurs in a situation where an individual has trouble determining which role he or she should play, but where the roles are not necessarily incompatible. For example, if a college student attending a social function encounters his teacher as a fellow guest, he will have to determine whether to relate to the teacher as a student or a peer.
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Concrete Operational
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Jean Piaget, arguable the most prominent developmental theorist, outlined his perspective about the stages children pass through as they age and develop cognitively. In the concrete operational stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 12 years of age) children gain the abilities and mental operations that allow them to think logically about concrete events such as mathematical operations and principles, and conservation.
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sensorimotor
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Sensorimotor Stage of Development: According to the legendary developmental psychologist, Jean Piaget, from birth to approximately age 2 learn to coordinate all their sensory experiences (sights, sounds, etc.) with their motor behaviors. At this stage of development children learn about and start to understand the world around them by doing things like sucking, grasping, crawling, etc.
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intelligence tests
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An intelligence test is a measure of one's intelligence (how do you like that definition?). Seriously, it is a test designed to measure a person's mental aptitude or inherent ability. The measure is taken, a numerical score is assigned, and then compared to others who've taken the same test.
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Retrieval cues
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Any stimulus that helps us recall information in long-term memory.
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Sensory Memory
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The brief storage of information brought in through the senses; typically only lasts up to a few seconds.
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State-Dependent
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Recall from long-term memory that is dependent on certain cues from our physical states.
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Serial Position Effect
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This term is a memory-related term and refers to the tendency to recall information that is presented first and last (like in a list) better than information presented in the middle. Sometimes I experience this when I go to the store and don't write a list. My wife tells me the things we need and I try to remember them by rehearsing them (I say the list over and over). This keeps the information in short-term memory longer. But in the time it takes me to get to the store and then with all the distractions of getting items, looking at labels, etc., I tend to remember the items that were first on the list (probably because I rehearsed them so much) and the last items (probably because those were the ones I heard most recently) but always forget the ones in the middle. I guess I should write them down, huh?
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Echoic Memory
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Humans remember sounds and words in slightly different ways. Memory for sound is referred to as echoic memories, which can be defined as very brief sensory memory of some auditory stimuli. Typically, echoic memories are stored for slightly longer periods of time than iconic memories (visual memories). Echoic and iconic memories are sensory memories, not types of long-term memory, and thus are very temporary and fade quickly.
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Autism
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It is related to brain abnormalities, but the cause is debated. Some believe the causes are heredity and birth defects, while others believe the heavy metals in vaccines and some fish. The signs usually begin to show up in the first few years of life. A young child with early signs of this mental defect might not make eye contact with his parents or smile like other children his age and not interact socially with other children. Children with the effect don't experience personal connections and affection as others do.
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General Intelligence (G-Factor)
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When you take an intelligence test you get an overall score and several specific scores. The overall score that you received, which is measured by all of the tasks on the test, is considered the representation of your ...
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Secure Attachment
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is an emotional bond between children and caregivers that a psychologist named Mary Ainsworth observed. Ainsworth observed the behavioral reactions of children who were left alone for a period of time and then reunited with their mothers. Ainsworth reported that the children with this showed minimal distress when their mother left them alone and sought comfort when their mother returned. She noted that these children appeared to trust their caregivers would meet their needs. Additionally, the caregivers of children with secure attachments responded appropriately and consistently to their children's needs. In contrast, the children without this displayed more fearful, angry, confused, and upset behaviors than the other children he caregivers of these children did not respond consistently or appropriately to their children.
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Conventional Morality
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A concept of proper behavior that reflects the values of a particular social or political context. Distinguished from a moral understanding which is authoritative across space and time.
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Theory of Mind
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is the ability to attribute mental states—beliefs, intents, desires, pretending, knowledge, etc.—to oneself and others and to understand that others have beliefs, desires and intentions that are different from one's own.
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Conservation
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which the child understands that changing the form of a substance or object does not change its amount, overall volume, or mass. This accomplishment occurs during the operational stage of development between ages 7 and 11. You can often see the lack of this in children when there are, for example, several different sizes of juice on a table, and they chose the glass that is the tallest because they perceive the taller glass as having more juice inside of it (even though the tallest glass may also be the thinnest). All the glasses may have the same amount of juice in them, but children who haven't accomplished conservation will perceive the tall glass as being most full.
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Preconventional Level of Morality
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where individuals' ethical principles are guided by the consequences of the action and the benefit awarded to him or herself. At this level of development, a child may not take a piece of candy from another because he or she is afraid of being punished opposed to being guided by feelings of morality or an understanding of the law.
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Postconventional Level of Morality
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the third and final level of Kohlberg's moral development taxonomy where individuals enter the highest level of morale development. People who have reached this stage of development are concerned with the innate rights of humans and guided by their own ethical principles. An individual in this stage of development may believe it acceptable to steal experimental animals in order to save the animals' lives. They believe it to be the moral thing to do even though they are breaking state and federal laws.
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Retroactive Interference
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is when a person has difficulty recalling old information because of newly learned information. For example, you may have difficulty skiing because of recently learning how to snowboard.
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Repression
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when we have memories, impulses, desires, and thoughts that are too difficult or unacceptable to deal with, we unconsciously exclude them from our consciousness (some people like to say we "push" them down from our consciousness to our uncosciousness). This is similar to suppression with one key difference - suppression is a conscious exclusion (or "pushing" down) of these painful memories, thoughts, etc., and is more similar to Freud's explaination of
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