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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
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developmental psychology
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the fertilized egg
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zygote
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it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
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zygote
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the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
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embryo
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the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
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fetus
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substances that cross the placental barrier and prevent the fetus from developing normaiiy
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teratogens
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physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant women's heavy drinking
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fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
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in severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions
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fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
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a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple
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rooting reflex
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decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation
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habituation
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as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner
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habituation
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biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior
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maturation
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relatively uninfluenced by experience
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maturation
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a concept or framework that organized and interprets information
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schema
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one's current understandings
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schema
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interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas
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assimilation
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adapting one's current understandings to incorporate new information
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accommodation
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all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
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cognition
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the stage during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
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sensorimotor stage
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from birth to about 2 years of age
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sensorimotor stage
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the awareness that things continue to exist even when you cannot see or hear them
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object permanence
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the stage during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
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preoperational stage
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from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age
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preoperational stage
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the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
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conservation
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part of concrete operational reasoning
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conservation
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the preoperational child's inability to take another's point of view
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egocentrism
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people's ideas about their own and others' mental states
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theory of mind
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people's thoughts about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and behavior these might predict
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theory of mind
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a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind
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autism
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the stage during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
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concrete operational stage
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from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age
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concrete operational stage
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the stage during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
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formal operational stage
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normally beginning about age 12
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formal operational stage
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the fear of strangers that infants commonly display
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stranger anxiety
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beginning by about 8 months of age
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stranger anxiety
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an emotional tie with another person
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attachment
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shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
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attachment
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an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
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critical period
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the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
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imprinting
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a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy
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basic trust
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said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
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basic trust
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a sense of one's identity and personal worth
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self-concept
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the transition period from childhood to adulthood
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adolescence
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extends from puberty to independence
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adolescence
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the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
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puberty
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ovaries, testes, and external genitalia
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primary sex characteristics
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the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
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primary sex characteristics
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nonreproductive sexual characteristics
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secondary sex characteristics
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female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
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secondary sex characteristics
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the first menstrual period
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menarche
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ones' sense of self
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identity
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the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
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identity
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the ability to form close, loving relationships
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intimacy
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a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood
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intimacy
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the time of natural cessation of menstruation
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menopause
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refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
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menopause
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a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning
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Alzheimer's disease
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a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
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cross-sectional study
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research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
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longitudinal study
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one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
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crystallized intelligence
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tends to increase with age
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crystallized intelligence
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one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly
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fluid intelligence
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tends to decrease during late adulthood
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fluid intelligence
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the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
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social clock
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a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
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temperament
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the biochemical units of heredity that direct how our cells become specialized for various functions
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genes
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pioneer in the study of developmental psychology
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Jean Piaget
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introduced a stage theory of cognitive development that led to a better understanding of children's thought processes
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Jean Piaget
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psychologist who researched the relationship of body contact and nourishment to attachment, using infant monkeys and artificial mothers
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Harry Harlow
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researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds
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Konrad Lorenz
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style of parenting marked by imposing rules and expecting obedience
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authoritarian parenting
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style of parenting marked by submitting to children's desires, making few demands, and using little punishment
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permissive parenting
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style of parenting marked by making demands on the child, being responsive, setting and enforcing rules, and discussing the reasons behind the rules
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authoritative parenting
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an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either the other gender or one's own gender
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sexual orientation
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created a three-stage theory of moral development
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Lawrence Kohlberg
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created an eight-stage theory of social development
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Erik Erikson
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the mental disintegration that accompanies alcoholism, tumor, stroke, aging, and most often, Alzheimer's disease
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senile dementia
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