Petersen - Ch. 1 Psychology

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scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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psychology

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founder of modern psychology

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Wilhelm Wundt

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founder of structuralism

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E.B. Titchener

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theory that analyzed the basic elements of thoughts and sensations to determine the structure of conscious experience

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structuralism

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psychological perspective that emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

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Gestalt psychology

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first American psychologist

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William James

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author of the first psychology textbook

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William James

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theory that emphasized the functions of consciousness and the ways consciousness helps people adapt to the environment

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functionalism

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founder of psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freud

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school of thought that focuses on how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

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psychoanalytic perspective

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contemporary version is called psychodynamic perspective

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psychoanalytic perspective

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Russian physiologist who showed that animals learn some things through association

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Ivan Pavlov

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founder of behaviorism

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John B. Watson

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school of thought that focuses on how we learn observable responses

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behaviorist perspective

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American psychologist whose brand of behaviorism focused on the role of responses in learning

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B.F. Skinner

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school of thought that focuses on the study of conscious experience

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humanistic psychology

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school of thought that focuses on the individual's freedom to choose

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humanistic psychology

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school of thought that focuses on the capacity for human growth

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humanistic psychology

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leaders in the humanistic psychology movement

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Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

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developmental and cognitive psychologist known for his studies of children's thought processses

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Jean Piaget

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a particular view of behavior and/or mental processes that has grown into a movement

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psychological perspective

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school of thought that focuses on how we take in, process, store, and retrieve information

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cognitive perspective

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school of thought that focuses on the physical structures and substances underlying a particular behavior, thought, or emotion

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biological perspective

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school of thought that focuses on how thinking or behavior changes in different contexts or situations

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social-cultural perspective

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school of thought that focuses on how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences

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behavior genetics

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movement that focuses on the study of optimal human functioning and the factors that allow individuals and communities to thrive

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positive psychology

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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

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basic research

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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

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applied research

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method of learning about the world through the application of critical thinking and tools such as observation, experimentation, and statistical analysis

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scientific method

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a tendency for researchers to engage in behaviors and selectively notice evidence that supports their hypotheses or expectations

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researcher bias

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thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions

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critical thinking

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thinking that examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

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critical thinking

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a tendency for research participants to respond in a certain way because they know they are being observed or they believe they know what the researcher wants

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participant bias

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observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

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naturalistic observation

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a research technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

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case study

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a research project designed to discover the degree to which two variables are related to each other

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correlational study

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all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study

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population

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a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

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random sample

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a research technique that studies the same group of individuals over a long period of time

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longitudinal study

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a research technique that compares individuals from different age groups at one time

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cross-sectional study

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a research method in which the researcher manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on another variable (dependent variable) while controlling for confounding variables

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experiment

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an investigator's testable prediction about the outcome of research

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hypothesis

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a specification of the exact procedures used to make a variable specific and measurable for research purposes

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operational definition

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the research variable that a researcher actively manipulates

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independent variable

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the research variable that is influenced by the independent variable

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dependent variable

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participants in an experiment who are exposed to the treatment (independent variable)

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experimental group

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participants in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable

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control group

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individuals in this group function as a comparison for the experimental group participants

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control group

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assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences among those assigned to different groups

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random assignment

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In an experiment, a variable, other than the independent variable, that could influence the dependent variable

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confounding variable

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an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ingnorant as to the expected outcome of the research

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double-blind procedure

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procedure used to control for the effects of expectation as a confounding variable

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double-blind procedure

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a nonactive substance or condition that may be administered instead of a drug or active agent to see if the drug has an effect beyond the expectations produced by taking it

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placebo

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repeating a research study to see whether the results can be reliably reproduced

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replication

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informed consent, right to be protected from harm and discomfort, right to confidentiality, right to debriefing

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four main ethical principles

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opened first psychology lab in the United States

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G. Stanley Hall

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first woman to be elected president of the American Psychological Association

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Mary Whiton Calkins