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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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FIFRA
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Federal Insecticide and Fungicide and Rodenticide Act
Regulates pesticides |
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Estimates of Acceptable Doses
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Begin with NOEL (no observable effect level)
Most sensitive endpoint Most sensitive species Apply: 10X uncertainty factor for intra species 10x uncertainty factor for inter species May apply >1-10x UF for FQPA child health >1-10X for use of LOEL >1-10 x for other data deficiencies |
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FQPA
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Food quality protection act- 1996
Uncertainty factor for child protection- 10x uncertainty for children unless data indicate otherwise Aggregate risk assessment Accounts for all exposures to a particular agent by air/water/food/soil/skin contact Cumulative risk assessment accounts for all agents with a related mechanism of action by all routes |
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State reporting of pesticides
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Each state has a pesticide regulatory authority:
Can enforce stricter policy than Federal except under special conditions |
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Intermediate syndrome
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Intermediate onset of neuromuscular paralysis 24-72 hours after recovery from cholinergic crisis
Usually resolves in 1-2 weeks |
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Plasma cholinesterase
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Recovery T 1/2 - 12 days
Decreased by liver disease increased by acute phase reactant |
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RBC cholinesterase
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Recovery reflects cell life, about 120 days
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OPIDN
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Organophosphate induced delayed neuropathy
TOCP Due to inhibition of neurotoxic esterase Dying back peripheral neuropathy 1-3 weeks after exposure |
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Organochlorine classes
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DDT and analogs: DDT and methoxychlor
Cyclodienes (dieldrin, aldrin, endrin, heptachlor, endosulfan) Hexachlorocyclohexanes (lindane) Tosaphene and related compounds |
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Organochlorine characteristics
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Fat soluble
Formulated in organic solvents Slow metabolism and exrection Generally bioconcentrate |
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Organochlorine Toxicity
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Well absorbed via skin
Inhalation may occur Acute toxicity: CNS stimulation/seizures Ingestion: local GI symptoms headache dizziness ataxia DIC , myoglobinuria |
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Organochlorine Management
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Skin decontamination
Benzos for seizures Dialysis ineffective |
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Pyrethroids
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Inhibit sodium channel function- insect excito toxin
Allergic Reactions common Type II GABA antagonist?? Poor dermal absorption Type II more persisitent n environment Often formulated with piperonyl butoxide to decrease metabolism in insects |
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Pyrethroid T syndrome
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Tremor
Non-CN syndrome Hypersensitive to stimulation Hyperthermia |
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Pyrethroid CS syndrome
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Type II
Choreoathtetosis Salivation |
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Pyrethroid Toxicity Management
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Decontamination, topical and GI (bind charcoal well)
Manage allergic symptoms |
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Fipronil
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Insect selective GABA blocker
sedative effects in humans given large doses |
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Imidacloprid
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Similar to nicotine toxicity
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Spinosad
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Interferes with insect GABA and acetylcholine function
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Abamectin
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Interferes with insect GABA ergic function
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Herbicides: PPO Inhibitors
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Inhibits heme synthesis
Looks like lead poisoning and hepatic porphyria |
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Paraquat treatment
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Primary target: Pulmonary
Also GI corrosive Aggressive GI decontamination Minimize oxygen Hemoperfusion in first 4 hours post ingestion |
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Chlorphenoxyherbicide treatment
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Alkaline diuresis for 2,4 D
CArdiac monitoring |
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Surfactant Toxicology
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Dermal absorption poor
Quaternary ammoniums poorly absorbed Non ionic and anionic long chains are well absorbed Surfactants inhibit oxidative phosphorylation! |
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Fungicide Classes
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Metallic/organo metallic: Ba, Cu, Dc, Sb, Hg
Substituted aromatics Thibendazoles-generally low tox Carboxyanilides: low tox Dithiocarbamates |
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Dithiocarbamates
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Do not inhibit cholinesterase
Metabolism produces CS2 and peripheral neuropathy Disulfuram reaction Chronically inhibit thyroid |
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1080/1081
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Na fluoroacetrate/acetamide- metabolic inhibitor
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PNU
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Vacor, islet cell destruction
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Norbormide
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Rat specific vasoconstrictor
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ANTU
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pulmonary edema
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Bromethalin
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Metabolic uncoupler
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Vitamin K1
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Reverses anticoagulants
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1080/1081
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Sodium fluoracetate/fluoroacetamide
Form monofluoroacetate-> inhibit TCA cycle Treatment aggressive decontamination ethanol loading may block incorporation to fluorocitrate Gycerol monoacetate may support Krebs |
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PNU (Vacor)
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Destroys islet cells
Treatment- decontamination Nicotinamide may help |
