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36 Cards in this Set

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Prince Henry the Navigator
1. Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460): The third son of the King of Portugal who devoted his life to promoting the exploration of the Sought Atlantic. His motives for exploration included: converting Africans to Christianity, making contacts with Christian rulers in Africa, and launching crusades against the Ottomans. He founded a research institute at Sagres for studying navigation. His staff improved navigational instruments that came from China and the Islamic world (magnetic compass, astrolabe). Significance: Henry’s explorers made an important contribution to the maritime revolution. Knowledge that the ocean wind tend to form circular patterns helped explorers discovery many other ocean routes.
Moctezuma II
2. Moctezuma II (1502-1520): Aztec emperor who attempted diplomacy with the Spaniards. As the Spaniards approached the city, Moctezuma went out in a great procession to welcome Cortes with gifts. The Spanish took Moctezuma prisoner in his own palace, looted his treasury, interfered with the city’s religious rituals and massacred hundreds during a festival. In the battle Moctezuma was killed.
Renaissance:
A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be the rebirth of literature, art, learning of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern Renaissance, from the early fifteenth to early seventeenth century. Transformed culture and religious identities. Tradition challenged social hierarchies
Erasmus, Desiderius
(1466-1536): A Dutch humanist and theologian. Desiderius Erasmus was a classical scholar who wrote in a “pure” Latin style. Although he remained a Roman Catholic throughout his lifetime, he was critical of what he considered the excesses of the Roman Catholic Church. Using humanist techniques he prepared important new Latin and Greek editions of the New Testament, which raised questions that would be influential in the Reformation.
Jesuits
Jesuits or Society of Jesus is a religious order of men in the Roman Catholic Church founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 and confirmed by Pope Paul III in 1540. The development of the order was rapid. Its members took leading parts in the Counter Reformation, establishing schools and colleges throughout Europe. The education of the Jesuits in the period of Counter Reformation was designed to strengthen Roman Catholicism against Protestant expansion. In the mission field the expansion of the order was equally great. Missions were established by Saint Francis Xavier in India and Japan, and the order spread to the interior of China and the coast of Africa. The most famous work of the Jesuit missionaries in the New World, however, was the establishment in the order’s South American provinces of reductions, or village communities of native peoples under the spiritual and temporal direction of the priests.
Enlightenment
A philosophical movement in 18th century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and that were just as scientific as the laws of physics. Arose radical products: atheism, materialism, and skepticism. Reason was religion. Encouraged art and philosophy. Believed human history is a record of general progress.
Peter the Great
Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. Significance: He made major changes to reduce Russia’s isolation and increase the empire’s size and power.
Tokugawa Shogunate
(1603-1868): The last of the three shogunates of Japan. The shoguns created a new administrative capital at Edo. Trade along the well-maintained road between Edo and imperial capital of Kyoto promoted the development of the Japanese economy and the formation of other trading centers. Although the Tokugawa Sogunate gave Japan more political unity, the regional lords still had a great deal of power and autonomy. The domestic peace of the Tokugawa era forced the warrior class to adapt itself to the growing bureaucratic needs of the state. The 1600’s and 1700’s were centuries of high achievement in artisanship, and Japanese skills in steel making, pottery and lacquer ware were joined by excellence in the production and decoration of porcelain. In the early 1600’s manufacturers and merchants amassed enormous family fortunes. By the end of the 1700’s the merchant families of Tokugawa Japan held the key to future modernization and the development of heavy industry.
Mughal Empire:
Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. At the height of its power, around 1700, it controlled most of subcontinent and parts of what is now Afghanistan. The classic period of the empire starts with the accession of Akbar the Great in 1556 and ends with the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, although the Empire did continue for another 150 years. During this period, the Empire was marked by a strongly centralized administration connecting the different regions of India. Following 1720 it declined rapidly. Its decline has been variously explained as caused by wars of succession, agrarian crises fueling local revolts, the growth of religious intolerance and British colonialism.
Thomas Paine
(1737-1809): He was a pamphleteer, revolutionary, radical, liberal, and intellectual. Born in Great Britain, he lived in America, having migrated to the American colonies just in time to take part in the American Revolution, mainly as the author of the powerful, widely read pamphlet, common Sense (1776), advocating independence for the American Colonies from Great Britain and of the American Crisis, supporting the Revolution. Later, Pain was a great influence on the French Revolution. He wrote the Rights of Man (1791) as a guide to the ideas of the Enlightenment.
Olympe de Gouges
(1748-1793): A playwright and journal whose feminist writings reached a large audience. A proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves. In her Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She lost her life to the guillotine due to her revolutionary ideas.
Mary Astell
1666-1731): A proto-feminist writer whose advocacy of equal educational opportunities for women earned her the title “the first English feminist”. Her two most well known books, A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, for the Advancement of Their True and Greatest Interest (1694) and A Serious Proposal, Part II (1697), outline Astell’s plan to establish Anglican nunneries to assist in providing women with both religious and secular education. Astell wanted all women to have the same opportunity as men to spend enterinity in heaven with God, and she believed that for this they needed to be educated and to understand their experiences
Maria Theresa of Austria
(1717-1780): Maria Theresa was the oldest daughter of Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel and Emperor VI, who promulgated the Pragmatic Sanction to allow her to succeed to the Habsburg monarchy. Opposition to her acceding to the throne led to the War of the Austrian Succession in 1740. Maria Theresa obtained the imperial crown for her husband, Francis I, and she began styling herself Holy Roman Empress in 1745. Maria Theresa helped initiate financial and educational reforms, promoted commerce and the development of agriculture, and reorganized the army, all of which strengthened Austria’s resources. Continued conflict with the Kingdom of Prussia led to the Seven Year’s War and later to the War of the Bavarian Succession.
Old Paradigm
The geocentric model of the universe is the disproven theory that the Earth is at the center of the universe and the Sun and other objects go around it. Belief in this system was common in ancient Greece. It was embraced by both Arisotle and Ptolemy, and most Greek philosophers assumed that the Sun, Moon, and stars circle the Earth. Similar ideas were held in ancient China.
Atlantic System
Atlantic System:. The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean Basin. Triangular Trade
Martin Luther
(1483-1546) A German monk, theologian and church reformer, how objected to the way new indulgence (a forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by church authorities as a reward for a pious act) was preached. Luther’s theology challenged the authority of the papacy by emphasizing the Bible as the sole source of religious authority and all baptized Christians as a general priesthood. According to Luther, salvation was attainable only by faith in Jesus, a faith unmediated by the church. Luther’s translation of the Bible into the vernacular, making it more accessible to ordinary people, had a tremendous political impact on the church and on German culture. Significance: His ideas helped to inspire the Protestant Reformation, and he is, therefore, considered to be the founder of Protestantism.
-Selling indulgences
-Personal relationship with God
-Emphasis on the role of individual
-Read Bible for yourself
-Translation into vernacular
-Opened the door for other movements which challenged traditions
-Forced church to spur another reform movement within church
-Contributed to the split in Western Xensdom (changed identity: calvin, lutherists, protestants)
-Reemphasis to what it means to be Catholic
Charles V
(r. 1519-1556): In 1519 electors of the Holy Roman Empire chose him to be their new emperor. Charles belonged to the powerful Habsburg family of Austria, but he inherited the Spanish thrones of Castile and Aragon. With his vast resources, Charles hoped to centralize his imperial power and lead a Christian coalition to halt the advance into southern eastern Europe of the Ottoman Empire, whose Muslim rulers controlled most of the Middle East and North Africa. Charles and his Christian allies eventually halted the Ottomans at the gates of Vienna in 1529, although Ottoman attacks continued on and off until 1697. But Charles’s efforts to forge his possessions into Europe’s strongest state failed. After decades of bitter squabbles turned to open warfare in 1546, Charles V finally gave up his efforts at unification, abdicated control of his various possessions to different heirs and retired to the monastery.
Tsar
from Latin Caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III (r. 1462-1505)
Cossacks
Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or oulaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. They are famous for their self-reliance and military skills, particularly horsemanship. Eventually Cossacks became guardians of ethic and state boundaries. In the 19th century Cossacks in Europe became known for the numerous wars with Russia and contributed to the stereotypical portrayal of Russia. Cossacks served in the Russian regular army in various wars throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. Symbol of repression and Russian calvary.
Ming Empires
Empire established in China by manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. But the Manchu were a very small portion of the population, and one of several minorities. The overwhelming majority of Qing officials, solders, merchants, and farmers were ethnic Chinese. Like other successful invaders of China, the Qing soon adopted Chinese institutions and policies. At various times the Qing also controlled Manhuria, Mongolia, institutions and policies. However, its military power weakened during the 1800’s, and faced Turkestan, and Tibet. However, its military power weakened during the 1800’s, and faced with international pressure, massive rebellions and defeats in wars, the Qing Dynasty declined after the mid-19th century. The last Qing emperor was overthrown in 1911.
Ottoman Empire
Islamic state founded by Osman in northewestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istabul (formally Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Causasus, and eastern Europe.
John Locke
English philosopher who argued that governments were created to protect life, liberty, and property and that the people had a right to rebel when a monarch violated these natural rights. Locke’s theory began with the assumption that individual right were the foundation of civil government. Greatly influenced American and French Revolution.
He also redefined how communities were organized and ruled by challenging traditional idea of sovereignty, which also led to redefining the identity of individuals from subjects to citizens.
Wrote 2nd Treatise which he is trying to justify Glorious Revolution in England.
Voltaire
(1694-1778): A French Enlightenment writer, essayist, deist and philosopher known for his wit, philosophical sport, and defense of civil liberties, including freedom of religion and the right to a fair trial. He was an outspoken supporter of social reform despite strict censorship and harsh penalties for those who broke them. A satirical polemicist, he frequently made use of his works to criticize Christian Church dogma and the French institutions of his day.
Frederick II/Prussia
(1712-1786): King of Prussia (1740-1786) from the Hohenzollern dynasty, who became known as Fredrick the Great. Upon ascending to the Prussian throne, he attacked Austria and claimed Silesia during the Silesian Wars, winning military acclaim for himself and Prussia. Near the end of his life, Fredrick united most of his disconnected realm through the First Partition of Poland. Fredrick was a proponent of enlightened absolutism. For years, he was a correspondent of Volatire, with whom the king had a turbulent friendship. He modernized the Prussian bureaucracy and civil service and promoted anti-semetic toleration throughout his realm. Fredrick patronized the arts and philosophers.
New Paradigm
Heliocentrism is the theory that the sun is at the center of the Universe and the Solar System. Although many early cosmologies speculated about the motion of the Earth around a stationary Sun, it was not until the 16th century that Copernicus presented a fully predictive mathematical model of a heliocentric system, which was later elaborated by Kepler and defeated by Galileo, becoming the center of a major religious dispute.
Bartolome de las Casas
(1484-1566): A 16th century Spanish Dominican priest, and the first resident Bishop of Chiapas. As a settler in the New World, he was galvanized by witnessing the torture and genocide of the Native Americans by the Spanish colonists. Last Casas became well-known for his advocacy of the rights of Indigenous peoples of the Americans, whose culture he described with care. His book A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies, published in 1552, gave a vivid description of the atrocities committed by the conquistadors in the Americas—most particularly, the Caribbean, Central America, and what is now Mexico—including many events to which he was a witness.
Mestizo/casta:
36. Mestizo/casta: Mestizo is the term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent. Casta is a 17th century term used in Spanish America, and refers to the institutionalized system of racial and social stratification and segregation based on a person’s heritage.
Protestant Reformation:
Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the “protesters” forming several new Christian denominations, including Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England.
Catholic Reformation:
Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun as a response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.
Scientific Revolution
The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with the planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century and laid groundwork for modern science.
Daimyo:
Japanese warlords and great landowners, whose armed samuri gave them control of the Japanese islands from the eight to the later nineteenth century. Under the Tokugawa Shogunate they were subordinated to the imperial government.
Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution was the overthrow of King James II of England in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians and William of Orange, who as a result ascended the English throne as William III of England. It can be argued that Jame’s overthrow began modern English parliamentary democracy; never again would the monarch hold absolute power, and the Bill or Rights became one of the most important documents in the political history of Britain. The deposition of the Roman Catholic James II ended any chance of Catholicism becoming re-established in England, and also led to limited toleration for nonconformist Protestants.
Declaration of Independence
The United States Declaration of Independence was an act of the Second Continental Congress, adopted on July 4, 1776, which declared that the Thirteen Colonies in North America were “Free and Independent States” and that “all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved.” The document, written by Thomas Jefferson, explained the justifications for separation from the British crown and proclaimed independence.
Adam Smith
A Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneering political economist. He is a major contributor to the modern perception of free market economists. He is known primarily as the author of two treaties: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations (1776). The latter was one of the earliest attempts to systematically study the historical development of industry and commerce in Europe, as well as a sustained attack on the doctrines of mercantilism. Smith’s work helped to build the foundation of the modern academic discipline of free market economics and provided one of the best-known intellectual rationales for free trade, capitalism and libertarianism.
Declaration of Rights
Statement of fundamental political rights (equality before law) adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. It is the Preamble to the Constitution.
Diplomatic Revolution
The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 is a term applied to the reversal of longstanding diplomatic alliances which were upheld until the War of Austria Succession and then reversed in the Seven Year’s War. The essence of the revolution may be thus summarized: France and Prussia versus Great Britain and Austria became France and Austria versus Great Britain and Prussia. All these tensions erupted during the Seven Year’s War, to which the Diplomatic Revolution is considered a prelude.