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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Substances in plant foods that are not digested by the process that take place in the stomach or small intestine. These add bulk to feces.
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fiber
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The major form of lipid in the body and in food. It is composed of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol, an alcohol.
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triglyceride
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The science of food; the nutrients and the substances therein; their action, interaction, and balanced in relation to healthy and disease; and the process by which the organism ingests, digests, absorbs, transports, utilizes, and excretes food substances
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nutrition
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A compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; most are known as sugars, starches, and fibers.
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carbohydrate
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A substance that, when left out of a diet, leads to signs of poor health. The body either can't produce it or can't produce it fast enough to meet its needs. If added back to the diet before permanent damage occurs, the affected aspects of health are restored.
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essential nutrient
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The heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000g(1 liter) of water 1*C.
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kilocalorie (kcal), Calorie (C)
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A compound containing much carbon and hydrogen, little oxygen, and sometimes other atoms. Dissolve in ether or benzene, but not in water, and include fats, oils, and cholesterol.
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lipid
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Elements used in the body to promote chemical reactions and to form body structures.
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minerals
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Food and body components made of amino acids; contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes other atoms, in a specific configuration. Contain the form of nitrogen most easily used by the human body.
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protein
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Compounds needed in very small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions in the body.
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vitamins
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The universal solvent; Body is composed of about 60%. 8 cups needed per day or more if heavy exercise.
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water
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The building blocks for proteins containing a central carbon atom with a nitrogen atom and other atoms attached.
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amino acid
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Recommended intakes of nutrients that are sufficient to meet the needs of almost all individuals (97%) of similar age and gender. These are established by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences.
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Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)
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Range of intake for a specific macronutrient that is associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases, while also providing for recommended intakes of essential nutrients. Set for carbohydrate, protein, and fat(various forms); each is intended to provide guidance in dietary planning.
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Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)
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"Educated guesses" by a scientist to explain a phenomenon.
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Hypotheses
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Individuals who have the condition in question, such as lung cancer, are compared with individuals who don not have the condition.
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case-control study
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An experimental design in which neither the participants not the researchers are aware of each participant's assignment (test or placebo) or the outcome of the study until i is completed. An independent third party holds the code and the data until the study has been completed.
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double-blind study
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Participants in an experiment who are not given the treatment being tested.
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control group
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Generally a fake medicine used to disguise the toles of participants in an experiment; if fake surgery is performed, it is called a sham operation.
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placebo
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A chemical found in plants. Some may contribute to a reduced risk of cancer or cardiovascular disease in people who consume them regularly.
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phytochemical
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The ratio derived by dividing a food's contribution to nutrient needs by its contribution to energy needs. When the contribution to nutrient needs exceeds the energy contribution, the food is considered to have a favorable ___________.
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nutrient density
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The nutritional health of a person as determined by anthropometric measurements (height, weight, circumferences, and so on), biochemical measurements of nutrients or their by-products in blood and urine, a clinical (physical) examination, a dietary analysis, and economic evaluation
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nutritional status/state
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Failing health that results from long-standing dietary practices that do not coincide with nutritional needs.
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malnutrition
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A state in which nutritional intake greatly exceeds the body's needs.
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overnutrition
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The term used to encompass the latest nutrient recommendation made by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences. These include RDAs.
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Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
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An amount of nutrient intake that is estimated to meet the needs of 50% of the individuals in a specific age and gender group.
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Estimated Average Requirements (EARs)
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Recommendations for nutrient intake when not enough information is available to establish and RDA. Are based on observed or experimentally determined estimates of the average ___ that appears to maintain a defined nutritional state in a specific population. Used when no RDA can be set.
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Adequate Intakes (AIs)
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An estimate of the amount of energy intake that will balance energy needs of an average person within specific gender, age, and other considerations.
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Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs)
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Maximum chronic daily intake of a nutrient that is unlikely to cause adverse healthy effects in almost all people in a population. This number applies to a chronic daily use.
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Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs)
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Standard nutrient-intake values developed by FDA and used as a reference for expressing nutrient content on nutrition labels. Include two types of standards - RDIs and DRVs.
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Daily Values
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Yields 7kcal/g of energy and contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
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alcohol
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A union of two atoms formed by the sharing of electrons.
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covalent bond
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The capacity to do work. Held in the covalent bonds that unite the carbon and hydrogen atoms in carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and alcohol molecules.
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energy
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Address prevention of nutrition-related chronic diseases.Emphasize weight management, physical activity, and consumption of a variety of nutrient-dense foods while choosing foods that limit the intake of saturated and trans fats, cholesterol, added sugars, salt, and alcohol.
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Dietary Guidlines
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Examine how disease rates vary among different population groups.
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epidemiologic study
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Test epidemiologic impressions in a laboratory or clinical setting using animal or human subjects.
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experimental study
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A toll that translates the RDAs, AMDRs, and Dietary Guidelines into a user-friendly guide for choosing a nutritionally adequate and healthy diet.
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Food Guide Pyramid (FGP)
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Occur when a positively charged atom combines with a negatively charged ion.
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ionic bond
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Required in large quantities and yield energy.
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macronutrient
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Required in small quantities and don not yield energy.
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micronutrient
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participants in the study
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subjects
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The group that receives the experimental intervention
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study group
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The body produces or ?
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synthesize
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Can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts.
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nonessential nutrient
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State in which the energy intake is less than the energy expended, resulting in weight loss.
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Negative balance
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State in which energy intake is greater than energy expended, generally resulting in weight gain.
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positive balance
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Involves defining a problem or asking a question, generating a hypothesis, conducting studies to prove or disprove the hypothesis, evaluating the study results, drawing conclusions
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scientific method
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A carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest; also known as a complex carbohydrate
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starch
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Simple carbohydrate form with a chemical composition of (CH2O)n.
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sugar
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