Personality Theory Final

Front 1

What is the epigenetic principle?

Back 1

-states that human growth has a ground plan and operates in terms of stages that unfold in a variant sequence

Front 2

What is virtue?

Back 2

-inherent strengths that are an outgrowth of successful resolution of conflicts associated w/ the various developmental stages.

Front 3

What are the 8 stages of development?

Back 3

-oral sensory stage (birth-1 year)
-muscular anal stage (2-3)
-locomotor genital stage(4-5)
-latency stage (6-12)
-adolescence (13-19)
-young adulthood (20-24)
-middle adulthood (25-64)
-late adulthood (65-death)

Front 4

What is the ego crisis and ego strenth of the oral sensory stage?

Back 4

-basic trust vs. mistrust
-hope

Front 5

What is the ego crisis and ego strenth of the muscular anal stage?

Back 5

-autonomy vs shame & doubt
-will

Front 6

What is the ego crisis and ego strenth of the locomotor genital stage?

Back 6

-initiative vs guilt
-purpose

Front 7

What is the ego crisis and ego strenth of the latency stage?

Back 7

-industry vs inferiority
-competency

Front 8

What is the ego crisis and ego strenth of the adolescence stage?

Back 8

-identity vs role confusion
-fidelity

Front 9

What is the ego crisis and ego strenth of the young adulthood stage?

Back 9

-intimacy vs isolation
-love

Front 10

What is the ego crisis and ego strenth of the middle adulthood stage?

Back 10

-generativity vs stagnation
-care

Front 11

What is the ego crisis and ego strenth of the late adulthood stage?

Back 11

-integrity vs despair
-wisdom

Front 12

What is object relations?

Back 12

-individual's symbolized relations to other person's (such as parents)

Front 13

What is symbiosis?

Back 13

period of when the infant is w/ its mother

Front 14

What occurs if child is separated too early or far from the mother?

Back 14

-separation anxiety occurs

Front 15

What is self-object?

Back 15

-refers to someone who's important in satisfying your needs

Front 16

What is mirroring?

Back 16

-responding to soemone in an empathic and acceptable way.

Front 17

What is attachment?

Back 17

-emotional connection

Front 18

What is an example of a secure attachment?

Back 18

-reflected by normal distress when the mother leaves and the baby is happy

Front 19

What is an example of ambivalent/ resistant attachment?

Back 19

-baby is clingy and becomes unusually upset when the mother leaves
-response to the mother's return mixes approval with rejections and anger

Front 20

What is an example of the avoidment pattern of attachment?

Back 20

-infant stays calm when the mothe rleaves and responds to her return in an avoiding, rejecting way.

Front 21

What is static reasoning?

Back 21

-a characteristic in which the young child assumes that the world is unchanging

Front 22

what is irreversibility?

Back 22

-a characteristsic in which the young child fails to reconize that reversing a process can sometimes restore whatever existed b/f the trans. occurred.

Front 23

What is synchrony?

Back 23

-coordinated interaction b/t the caregiver and the infant who respond to each other w/ split second timing.
-infants will imitate facial and mouth movement of their parents.

Front 24

What is the social cognitive theory?

Back 24

-perspective that highlights how school age children advances in learning, cognition, and culture, building on maturation and experiance to become more articulate, insightful, and competent

Front 25

What is social perception?

Back 25

-refers to the process through which people interpret informaiton about others, draw inferences about people, and develope mental represenatations of them. Social perception influences whether you see a person as hostile, friendly, repugnant, likable, or lovable.
It also helps to determine how you explain why epople behave the way they do.

Front 26

What is schema?

Back 26

-coherent organized set of beliefs and expectations.

Front 27

What is assimiliation?

Back 27

-the incorporation of new information into existing knowledge

Front 28

What is accomodation?

Back 28

-adjustment of a schema into new information

Front 29

What is equilibration?

Back 29

adolescents experiance cognitive conflict or a sense of disequilibrium in their attempt to understand the world

Front 30

What is attributions?

Back 30

-describes the process people go through to explain the causes of behavior, including their own.

Front 31

What is an internal attribution?

Back 31

-reflects the characteristics of a person

Front 32

What is an external attribution?

Back 32

-reflects causes that arise not from the person but from the situation

Front 33

What is a consensus?

Back 33

-degree to which other people's behavior is similar to that of the person in question

Front 34

What is consistency?

Back 34

-the degree to which the behavior occurs repeatedly in a particular situation.

Front 35

What is distinctiveness?

Back 35

-depends on the predictability of behavior in various situations.

Front 36

What does internal attribtuion occur?

Back 36

-most likly when there is low consensus, high consistency, and low distinctivness

Front 37

What is attributional biases?

Back 37

-tendencies to systematically distort ones behavior

Front 38

What is fundamental attribtuion error?

Back 38

-wide spread tendecy to attribute the behavior of others to internal factors.

Front 39

What is seserving bias?

Back 39

-tendecy to take credit for success (attribtuing it to one is personal characteristsics or efforts) but to blame external causes to failure.

Front 40

What is classical conditioning?

Back 40

-occurs when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus which naturally brings about an unconditioned response.
-eventually the conditioned stimulus will elicit a response knwon as the conditioned response even when abn uncondtioned stimulus is not present.

Front 41

What is a condtioned response?

Back 41

-a response that accomplishes a function.
-classical conditioning porduces an adaptive, automatic response to a signal that predicts an event.

Front 42

What is delayed condtioning?

Back 42

-presenting the condtioned stimulus shortly before the unconditioned stimulus but removing both at the same time.
-most effective method of pairing the stimuli

Front 43

What is extinction?

Back 43

-if the uncoditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the condtioned stimulus, the condtioned response eventually disappaears

Front 44

What is stimulus generalization?

Back 44

-condtioned responses occur after stimuli that are suimilar but not identical to condtioned stimuli

Front 45

What si spontaneous recovery?

Back 45

-after extinction has occurred, the condtioned response often reappaears if the condtioned stimulus is presented after some time.

Front 46

What is recondtioning?

Back 46

-occurs if the conditioned and unconditoned stimuli are paired once or twice after extinction.

Front 47

What is higher order condtioning?

Back 47

-occurs when a new neutral stimulus is associated w/ a conditioned stimulus and itself coems to produce the conditioned response

Front 48

What si instrumental condtioning?

Back 48

-process through which an organism learns to emit a response in order to obtain a reward or avoid an aversive stimulus.

Front 49

What is the law of effect?

Back 49

-postulated by Edward Thorndike
-any response that produces a reward becomes more likly over time and any response that does not produce a reward becomes less likly over time.

Front 50

Operant condtioning?

Back 50

-during instrumental condtioning , an organism leanrs a response by operating on an environment.

Front 51

What is positive reinforcers?

Back 51

-stimuli that streghten a response if they are presented after the response occurs (smiles, food, and many other desirable outsomes)

Front 52

What is negative reinforcers?

Back 52

-unokesant stimuli such as pain or boredom that streghten a response if they are moved after a response occurs (taking asprin to remove a headache)

Front 53

What is shaping?

Back 53

-accomplished by reinforcing successive apporximations
-responses that come successfully closer to the desired outcome

Front 54

What is the continuous reinforcement schedule?

Back 54

-delivered every time a particular response occurs
-when reinforment is administered only some of the time, the result is partial/ intermittent reinforment schedual.

Front 55

What is a fixed ration schedual?

Back 55

-provides a reinforment following a fixed number of responses.

Front 56

What is a variable ratio schedule?

Back 56

call for reinforment after a given number of responses.

Front 57

What is a fixed interval schedual?

Back 57

-provides reinforment for the first response that occurs after some fixed time passed since the last reward, regardless of how many responses have been made duirng that interval.

Front 58

What is variable interval scheduals?

Back 58

-reinforce the first response after some period of time, but the amount of time varies

Front 59

What is primary reinforcers?

Back 59

include stimuli that already is reinforcing, like foodm water or the relief of pain.

Front 60

What are secondary reinforcers?

Back 60

-rewards that people fo animals learn to like.

Front 61

What is punishment?

Back 61

-presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a pleasant stimulus
-reinforcement stregthens behavior while punishment weakens it.

Front 62

What si escape condtioning?

Back 62

-takes place when an organism laerns to makle a response in order to end an avesive stimulus or a negative reinforcer.

Front 63

What is avoidance conditoing?

Back 63

When an animal or person responds to a signal in a way that avoids exposure to an aversive stimulus.

Front 64

What is negative reinforcement?

Back 64

-the process of stregthening behavior by following it with the removal of a negative reinforcer.

Front 65

What is observational learning?

Back 65

-the process of learning by watching others

Front 66

What is a model?

Back 66

-person who is watched

Front 67

What are the 4 requirements of obeservational learning?

Back 67

-attention
-retention
-ability to produce the behavior
-motivation

Front 68

What is the attention of observational learning?

Back 68

-you cannot learn unless you pay reasonably close attention to what is happenign around you.

Front 69

What is retention of observational learning?

Back 69

-you must only attend to the observed behavior but also remeber it at some alter time

Front 70

What is the ability ot produce the behavior of observational learning?

Back 70

-you must be capable of performing the act

Front 71

What is motivation ofobservational learning?

Back 71

-you will only perform the act only if there is some motivation or reason to do so

Front 72

What are symbolic models?

Back 72

-figures on television, movies, magazines, and books

Front 73

What is vicarious learning?

Back 73

-Process of learning by seeing or hearing about the consequences of other people's actions.

Front 74

What are social reinforcers?

Back 74

-include smiles, hugs, praise, apporval, itnerest and attention from others

Front 75

What is self-reinforcment?

Back 75

-people will reward themesleves after doing something that they;ve set out to do.

Front 76

What is an example of adaptive training?

Back 76

-student begins with a very easy version of a skill and then attempts gradually more difficult versions.

Front 77

What is guided training?

Back 77

-provides support that prevent the learner from making disruptive ior dangerour mistakes as skill developes.

Front 78

What is overlearning?

Back 78

-surest way to maintain a skill by practicing it well beyond intial mastery

Front 79

What are sex roles?

Back 79

-behavior patterns that people in a given culture see as more apprpriate in one sex than that of the other.

Front 80

What do negative expectations do?

Back 80

-can cause people to stop putting forth an effort to succeed the conviction that success won;t come leads to a pattern of low motivation and reduced effort-learned helplessness.

Front 81

What is locus of control?

Back 81

-a dimension of beliveing that your outcomes are caused by yourself (internal) or by external forces.

Front 82

What is aversion therapy?

Back 82

-shock or pain with behavior to be extinguished
-this supposedly makes the behavior unpleasant

Front 83

What is escape conditioning?

Back 83

-do the right thing to escape shock or pain

Front 84

What are the behavior therapies of personality psychology?

Back 84

-aversion therapy
-escape therapy
-reward what you want and ignore what you don't want
-token economy
-behavior exchange
-systematic desensitization
-flooding

Front 85

What is token economy?

Back 85

-assumes positive behavior becomes internal over time

Front 86

What is behavior exchange?

Back 86

-mutual reinforcement

Front 87

What is client centered therapy?

Back 87

-client takes responsibility for his/her own improvment
-therapist displays empathy and unconditionaol positive regard.

Front 88

What is the therapist's role in client centered therapy?

Back 88

-to remove pressure of conditions of worth by remaining non-directive and non-evaluative, showing no emotion and giving no advice
-helps client clarify feelings, cognitions, and experiances

Front 89

What is constructive alternativism?

Back 89

-people decide for themselves what constructs do apply to events

Front 90

What are personal constructs?

Back 90

-mental representations used to interpret events

Front 91

How are constructs refined?

Back 91

-by activly using them in familiar ways causing refinement.

Front 92

What is a rep test used for?

Back 92

-to measure a person's constructs

Front 93

What is fixed role therapy?

Back 93

-a way of getting people to engage in behaviors that they would not ordinary engage in.

Front 94

What is Festiger's theory of social comparison?

Back 94

-people use other people as a basis of comparison.

Front 95

What is a referance group?

Back 95

-the categories of people to which you see yourself as belonging and to which you habitually compare yourself

Front 96

What are social norms?

Back 96

-learned, socially-based rules that prescibe what people shoukld or should not do in various activiites

Front 97

What is repricity?

Back 97

-social norm that is the redency to respond to others as they have acted towards you

Front 98

What is Social perception?

Back 98

refers to the process throigh which people itnerpret information about others, draw in inferances about people and develop mental representations of them

Front 99

What is a schema?

Back 99

-coherent organized set of beliefs and expectations

Front 100

What are attributions?

Back 100

-describes the process pople go through to explain the causes of behavior, including their own.

Front 101

What is the criteria for attributions?

Back 101

-consensus
-consistency
-distictness

Front 102

What is concensus?

Back 102

degree to whom other people's behavior is similar to that of the person in question

Front 103

What is ontology?

Back 103

-study of one's core being

Front 104

What is humanistic psychology/ Human Potential Movement?

Back 104

-reflect the idea that everyone has the potential for growth and development
-no one is inherently bad or unowrthy
-the goal of humanistic psychology is to help people realize this about themselves so they'll have a chance to grow.

Front 105

What is actualization?

Back 105

-growth process
-tendency to develop capabilities in ways that maintain or enhance the organism

Front 106

What is self-actualization?

Back 106

-when actualization promotes maintenence of the self
-moves you toward greater autonomy (independece) and self-sufficiency
-expands or enriches your life experiances, it enhances creativiity

Front 107

What is congruence?

Back 107

0wholeness or itnegration wihtin the person

Front 108

What is organismic valuing process?

Back 108

refers to the idea that the organinism automatically evaluates its experiances and actions to tell whther they're actualizing.
-if they arent, the organismic valuing process creatres a nagging sense that something isn't right

Front 109

What is a fully functuioning person according to Carl Rogers?

Back 109

-dscribes someone who is self-actualizing
-they are open to experiancing these feelings, aren't threatened by them, no matter what the feelings are
-they trust the feeligns rather that question them

Front 110

What is affection?

Back 110

-without special condition, w/ no strings attached, is unconditional positive regard
-sometimes affection is only given if certainconditions are satisfied (condtional positive regard)

Front 111

What are conditions of worth?

Back 111

-condtions under which the person is judged to be worth or positive regard

Front 112

What are the 3 needs that must be satisfied to have a life of growth, integrity, and well-being?

Back 112

-the needs are autonomy (self-determination), competence, and relatedness

Front 113

What is relatedness?

Back 113

-refers to having a sense of self-determination and having a genuine connection to others

Front 114

What is the ideal self?

Back 114

-an image of the kind of person youw ant to be.

Front 115

What is the actual self?

Back 115

-is what you think you're really like as a person right now

Front 116

What is self-handicapping?

Back 116

-acting to crate the very conditions that tend to produce a failure

Front 117

What are second order needs?

Back 117

safety and security
-shelter from the weather, protection against predators, etc

Front 118

Whata re first order needs?

Back 118

-physiological
-food, water, air, etc

Front 119

What is the third order of needs?

Back 119

-social needs
-love and belongingness
-companionship, affection, and accpetance from others

Front 120

What is the 4th order of needs?

Back 120

-esteem needs
-include the need for a sense of mastery and power and a sense of appreciation from others

Front 121

What is the highest order of needs?

Back 121

-self-actualization
-tendecy to become whatever you are capable of

Front 122

What are Transcendent self-actulizers?

Back 122

-people invested in experiances of self-actualization that it becomes the most precious aspect of their lives.
they are more consciously motivated by universal values or goals outside themselves

Front 123

What is peak experiance?

Back 123

-moments of intense self-actualization

Front 124

What are personality disorders?

Back 124

characterized by chronic interpersonal differences and problems with ones identity or sense of self

Front 125

What is teleology?

Back 125

-concenpt that an individual's goals direct his or her current behavior

Front 126

What is attitude?

Back 126

-the elarned tendecy to respond to an object in a consistently favorable or unfavorable way

Front 127

What is overcompensation?

Back 127

exaggerated attempt by individuals to voercome feelings of inferiority by acting superior

Front 128

What is fictional finalism?

Back 128

an individual's attempt to create goals

Front 129

what is the system of life?

Back 129

-unique ways in which people pursue their goals

Front 130

What is the concept of creative self?

Back 130

-implies that each of us creates our own personalities and that we activly construct it out of our experiances adn heredities

Front 131

What are Adler's 4 major types?

Back 131

-ruling type
-Getting type
-avoiding type
-socially useful type

Front 132

What is the ruling type?

Back 132

-lack social interests anf courage
-when threatened, try to reduce feelign sof anxiety by acting in an antisocuial way
-can exploit others and harm others in order to accomplish their goals

Front 133

What is the gettign type?

Back 133

-individuals who are relativly passive and make little effort to resolve their own problems
-instead, they use their cvharm to persuade others to help them

Front 134

What is the avoiding type?

Back 134

-people who do not have confidence necessary for solving their own problems
-instead ofg struggling with problems, they typically try to side stem them, thereby avoiding defeat

Front 135

What is the socially useful type?

Back 135

-people who facfe life confidentll
-they are fully able to act accordance with social interest
-they ar epreapred to cooperate with others adn contribute to the welfare of others

Front 136

What is criterion A for personality disorders?

Back 136

-pattern must be manifested ina t least 2 of the 2 areas (cognition, affectivity,, itneropersonal functioning or impulse control)

Front 137

What is criterion B for personality disorders?

Back 137

-pattern muyst be inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations

Front 138

What is criterion C for personality disorders?

Back 138

-patterern leads to clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning

Front 139

What is criterion D for personality disorders?

Back 139

-pattern is stable and of long duration and its onset can be traced back to at least adolescence or early childhood

Front 140

What is criterion E for personality disordes?

Back 140

-pattern is not better accounted for as a manifestation or consequence of another mental disorder

Front 141

What is Cluster A for personality disorders?

Back 141

-includes pa\ranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personlaity disorders

Front 142

What is cluster B for personality disorders?

Back 142

- includes histrionic, narcissisrtuic, antisocial, and borderline personality disorders

Front 143

What is cluster C for perosnality disorders?

Back 143

-includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessvie-compulsive personality disorders

Front 144

What is a paranoud personality disorder?

Back 144

-pervaisive suspicousness and distrust of others, leading to numerous interpersoal difficulites
-tend to see themselves as blameless, instead blaming otehrs for their own mistakes and fairlures

Front 145

What's a good way to treat scziphrenia?

Back 145

-low doses of antipsychotic drugs and anti-depressants

Front 146

What's a good way to treat cluster C disorders?

Back 146

-short-term psychotherapy

Front 147

Whart's a good way to treat avoidant persoanlity disorders?

Back 147

-cognitive bvehavior treatment and antidepressants

Front 148

What's a good way to treat social phobias

Back 148

-antidepressants

Front 149

What is an antisocial persoanlity disorder?

Back 149

-tendecy to persistantly disregard and violarte the rights of others
-they do this through a combination of deceitful, aggressive and antisocial behaviors

Front 150

What is psychopathy?

Back 150

-has the features of anti-social personality disorder but includes the lack of empathy, inflated and arrogant self-aopprasial, and glib and superficial charm

Front 151

What is the first dimension of psychopathy?

Back 151

--first dimension involves affective and interpersonal core of the disorder and refklects traits such as lack of remorse, callounerss, selfishness, and an exploitative use of others

Front 152

What is the second dimension of psycopathy?

Back 152

-reflects behavior such as impulsivity, antisocial, and socially deviant lifestyles

Front 153

What are included in adverse environments?

Back 153

-marital conflicts or divorce, legal problems, parental anxiety or depression, parental alcohol, and drug abuse problems.

Front 154

What is a somatoform disorder?

Back 154

-a group of conditions that involve physical symptoms and complaints suggestuing the presence of a medical condition but without any evidence of physcial pathology to acount for them.

Front 155

What is a dissociative disorder?

Back 155

-a group of conditions involving disruptions in a person's normally integrated fucntions or consciouness, memory, identitym or perception

Front 156

What is dissociation?

Back 156

-refers to the human mind's capacity to engage in complex mental activity in channels split off from or independent of conscous awareness

Front 157

What is hypochondriasis?

Back 157

-people occupied with fears of having a serious disease or with the idea thar tet actually have a disease, even though they do not

Front 158

How do you help with hypochondriacs?

Back 158

-by cognitive behavioral therapy

Front 159

What are the criteria for diagnosis of somatization disorder?

Back 159

-four pain symptoms
-2 gastrointestinal symptoms
-one sexual symptom
-1 pseudoneurological symptom

Front 160

What is body dysmorphic disorder?

Back 160

-involves the preoccupation with certain aspects of the body
-person is obsessed with the perceived or imagined flaw of their appearance

Front 161

What is derealization?

Back 161

-one's sense of the outside world is temp. lost

Front 162

What is depersonalization?

Back 162

-one's sense of ones own self and one's own reality is temp. lost

Front 163

What is depersonalization disorder?

Back 163

-people have persistent or recurrent expriances of feeling detached from their own bodies and mental processes

Front 164

What is retrograde amnesia?

Back 164

-partial or total inability to recall or identify oreviously acquired information or past experiances

Front 165

What is anterograde amnesia?

Back 165

partial or total inabliity to retain new information

Front 166

What is dissociative amnesia?

Back 166

-usually limited to a failure to recall previously stored personal information when that failure cannot be accounted for by ordinary forgetting

Front 167

What is dissociative fugue?

Back 167

-a person not only goes into an amnesic state but also leaves his or her home surrounding and becomes confused about his or her identity, sometimes assuming a new one

Front 168

What is Dissociative identity disorder?

Back 168

-disorder where a person manifests 2 or more distinct identities or personality states that alternate in some way in taking control of behavior.
-each identity may have a different personal history, self image, and name.