Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Psychoanalytic social theory
|
Wrote about neuroses primarily
Early childhood and social forces important Tenets of her Psychoanalytic Social Theory: Childhood very important and the warmth/affection from parents. “the sum total of childhood experiences brings about a certain character structure, or rather, starts its development” (Horney, 1939) Modern (and western) culture is based on competition Competition spawns basic hostility and then isolation Isolation in a hostile world leads people to need affection This need for affection results in overvaluation of love This desperate need for love can lead to neuroses and pathological ways of finding love (competition, anxiety, hostility, low self-esteem) |
|
|
|
Personal Development Competitiveness
|
Personal Development Competitive Attitude Scale (Ryckman, et al., 1996)
An attitude in which the primary focus is not on the outcome (i.e. winning over others), but rather more on enjoyment and mastery of the task (including self discovery, self improvement, and personal growth). Others help us to become better through competition |
|
|
|
Neurotic search for glory
|
the process of trying to achieve the ideal self
|
|
|
|
10 Neurotic Needs
|
Category 1: Moving Towards People (Compliant)
Need for affection and approval Need for a powerful partner (take over life) Need to restrict life/be satisfied with little/undemanding Category 2: Moving Against People (Aggressive) Need for power (desperate need for dominance) Need to exploit others/get the better of them Need for social recognition or prestige (overwhelmed with popularity) Need for personal admiration (be valued; feel important) Need for ambition/personal achievement Category 3: Moving Away from People (detached) Need for self-sufficiency (refuse help; don’t commit to relationships) Need for perfection and unassailability (be in control/scared of flaws) |
|
|
|
Overvaluation of love
|
Overvaluation of love à need it so much more because you have such a deficit
|
|
|
|
Neurotic claims
|
fantasy world (inaccurate views of world and themselves)
|
|
|
|
Basic anxiety
|
feelings of isolation & deep insecurity in a world conceived as potential hostile (develops from basic hostility)
|
|
|
|
Karen Horney
|
"Horney’s insights were derived from her efforts to relieve her own pain, as well as that of her patients. If her suffering had been less intense, her insights would have been less profound” (Paris, 1994, p. xxv). Theory from patients and own experiences – very specific theory
Very interested in why people act neurotic |
|
|
|
Hypercompetitiveness
|
Hypercompetitive Attitude Scale (Ryckman, et al., 1990)
A need to compete and win at any cost as a means of maintaining or enhancing feelings of self worth, with manipulation, aggressiveness, and denigration of others across a myriad of situations. |
|
|
|
Idealized self image
|
Ideal Self (idealized self image)
The creation of an exaggerated and unrealistic view of oneself |
|
|
|
Intrapsychic conflicts
|
Self torment/torture – cutting, starting fights they will lose
Self destructive impulses – overeating, abusing alcohol, working too hard There is a vicious cycle of Pathological Neurosis where: A) the contempt for the real self produces B) a greater need for an idealized self image, which produces C) higher unattainable and unrealistic standards (“shoulds”) that can never be achieved. This produces D) failure, which is anything less than perfection. Failure produces increases anxiety and increased A) contempt for the real self. |
|
|
|
Self hatred
|
Instances where real self immerges because we aren’t living up to idealized self image so develop = self – hatred
Despised Self (self – hatred) A loathing for the self when one compares the real self to idealized self image |
|
|
|
Basic Hostility
|
anger towards parents for perceived lack of love
|
|
|
|
Neurotic pride
|
"Neurotic Pride – glorified view of oneself
|
|
|
|
Definition of Personality
|
“a pattern of relatively permanent traits, and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior” (Feist & Feist, 2006, p. 4)
|
|
|
|
Psychoanalytic
|
Focus on unconscious and sexual drives
|
|
|
|
Neo-Analytic
|
balancing internal and external drives; less focus on sexual
|
|
|
|
Biological/Trait
|
- focus on heritability of traits, develop classifications/assessment
|
|
|
|
Humanistic
|
emphasizes struggle for self-fulfillment and dignity
|
|
|
|
Behaviorist
|
focus on environmental influences of personality
|
|
|
|
Interactionist
|
focuses on interaction between self and environment
|
|
|
|
reaction formation
|
Behavioral enactment of the opposite desire
|
|
|
|
displacement
|
Redirecting unacceptable urges onto someone/something else
|
|
|
|
fixation
|
Becoming “stuck” in a certain stage b/c of unresolved conflict in that stage
|
|
|
|
regression
|
Reverting to a previous developmental stage
|
|
|
|
projection
|
Seeing your own tendencies in someone else
|
|
|
|
introjection
|
"Seeing positive values of other people in yourself
|
|
|
|
unconscious proper
|
|
|
|
|
preconscious
|
|
|
|
|
Electra Complex
|
The Electra complex is the psychoanalytic theory that a female's psychosexual development involves a sexual attachment to her father, and is analogous to a boy's attachment to his mother that forms the basis of the Oedipus complex.
|
|
|
|
Traits
|
individual differences in behavior, consistency of behavior over time, and stability of behavior across situations
|
|
|
|
Characteristics
|
“unique qualities of an individual that include such attributes as temperament, physique, and intelligence” (Feist & Feist, 2006, p.4)
|
|
|
|
repression
|
Forcing threatening feelings into unconscious
|
|
|
|
Assumptions in the study of personality
|
That traits exist.
That there is a set of traits (multiple). That they are relatively permanent over time. That they are relatively stable across situations. That they guide our behaviors. That this pertains to humans primarily. |
|
|
|
Attributes of a good theory
|
Productivity - generates research
Falsification - must be able to be disproven Parsimony - must be simple Organizes data Guides action – can be applied, influences other disciplines Is internally consistent |
|
|
|
Dan McAdams: What do We Know when we know a person?
|
McAdams (1995) Hierarchy of Knowing Someone:
Level 1 = traits Level 2 = Desires/Drives Level 3 = Inner Story - “Personality is traits and only traits” (Buss (1989) as cited in McAdams (1995)] - “requires assessments of stylistic traits (e.g. extraversion, friendliness), cognitive schemes (e.g. personal constructs, values, frames), and dynamic motives (e.g. the need for achievement)” [McClelland (1951) as cited in McAdams (1995)] |
|
|
|
Determinism
|
|
|
|
|
Reliability
|
|
|
|
|
Validity
|
|
|
|
|
Constructs
|
|
|
|
|
Operational Definition of a Theory
|
“a set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypotheses” (Feist & Feist, 2006 p. 4)
|
|
|
|
Sigmund Freud's Theory
|
Popularization of Unconscious
Unconscious proper, preconscious, conscious Development of Id, Ego, Superego Id contains Life & Death instincts Stages of Psychosexual development Defense Mechanisms Treatment Techniques Dream analysis, free association, psychoanalysis, analysis of transference, analysis of resistance, parapraxes. |
|
|
|
Hysteria
|
|
|
|
|
Catharsis
|
Relief through Cathartic Method: the name Freud and Joseph Breuer gave to their method of allowing patients to get relief by talking out their previously repressed emotions. Freud quickly realized that this relief was only temporary and did not produce lasting personality changes. Breuer ran away when a patient fell in love with him. Freud lit a cigar.
|
|
|
|
Free association
|
you are talking about a particular image in a dream, or an event that happened during the day that stuck with you, and your analyst asks: "What does that bring to mind?" Your candid response consists of associations, "free" because freely experienced and shared. The more superficial and random the associations, the more one should suspect that the censor is at work.
|
|
|
|
Conscious
|
|
|
|
|
Unconscious
|
|
|
|
|
Id/Ego/Superego
|
Id- English translation of Freud's term das Es, or "the It." One of the three components of the psyche, it is responsible for instinctual urges and is completely unconscious.
Ego - English translation of Freud's term das Ich, or "the I." One of the three components of the psyche, it is the part of the psyche that deals with reality. Super ego - English translation of Freud's term "Über-Ich", or "over-I." One of the three components of the psyche, the super-ego represents internalized social rules. It is partly conscious, and it enforces rules and imposes guilt. |
|
|
|
Pleasure Principle
|
our most fundamental striving is toward pleasure and away from pain. Pleasure is what we feel when some kind of tension is relieved. Two types: forepleasure (infantile stimulation) and endpleasure (mature satisfaction).
|
|
|
|
Reality Principle
|
The ego's sense of realistic and rational adaptive expectations. This principle evolves from and governs the heedless hedonism of the Pleasure Principle, at least in people who aren't wealthy.
|
|
|
|
Oedipus Complex
|
A persistent set of unconscious beliefs and desires that results, according to Freud, from the childhood repression of the desire to sleep with one's mother and kill one's father.
|
|
|
|
Stages of Psychosexual Development
|
Oral Stage (0 – 18 months)
Food needs must be satisfied (weaning is the crisis of this period) Oral-passive character: dependent on others, reliance on oral gratifications (smoke, eat) Oral Aggressive character: bite nails, sarcastic (due to weaning b/c you were biting mom) Anal Stage (2 years) Toilet training brings punishment and rewards Strict Parent: child becomes clean, perfectionist, stubborn (anal retentive) Grateful Parent: child becomes generous, creative, disorganized, sloppy (anal expulsive). Phallic Stage (3-6 years) Boys: Oedipus Complex – sexual desires for mom – jealousy/hatred/fear of dad Castration anxiety when boys realize girls have “lost” their penis (stop wanting mom; start identifying with dad to learn how to get mom/other women) Girls: Penis Envy: expressed in wanting to be a boy or wanting to marry later Female Oedipus Complex (Electra Complex) Desire towards mom, then hostility towards mom for bringing her into the world without a penis. Turns desires to dad in attempt to get a penis (identifies with mom) Phallic personality If indulged - vain, narcissistic, failure to identify with opposite sex parent If rejected by parents - withdrawn or outwardly sexual, poor self esteem, overly masculine/feminine Latency (6/7 till 12ish) Genital Stage (puberty) Life instinct is directed towards others now that one can reproduce |
|
|
|
Defense Mechanisms
|
first described by Freud in 1926; refined/organized by daughter Anna in 1946
Purpose is to avoid dealing with instincts/drives and accompanying anxiety |
|
|
|
Analysis of Resistance
|
Psychological resistance is the phenomenon often encountered in clinical practice in which patients either directly or indirectly oppose changing their behavior or refuse to discuss, remember, or think about presumably clinically relevant experiences.
Serves the explicit purpose of defending the ego against feelings of discomfort |
|
|
|
Analysis of Transference
|
Transference: the redirection of feelings and desires and especially of those unconsciously retained from childhood toward a new object
Because the transference between patient and therapist happens on an unconscious level, psychodynamic therapists who are largely concerned with a patient's unconscious material use the transference to reveal unresolved conflicts patients have with figures from their childhoods. |
|
|
|
Parapraxes
|
|
|
|
|
Life Instinct/Death Instinct
|
the life instincts are those that deal with basic survival, pleasure, and reproduction. These instincts are important for sustaining the life of the individual as well as the continuation of the species. While they are often called sexual instincts, these drives also include such things as thirst, hunger, and pain avoidance. The energy created by the life instincts is known as libido.
Behaviors commonly associated with the life instinct include love, cooperation, and other prosocial actions. Death Instincts- He noted that after people experience a traumatic event (such as war), they often reenact the experience. He concluded that people hold an unconscious desire to die, but that this wish is largely tempered by the life instincts. In Freud’s view, self-destructive behavior is an expression of the energy created by the death instincts. When this energy is directed outward onto others, it is expressed as aggression and violence. |
|
|
|
Adler vs Freud
|
|
|
|
|
Alfred Adler’s Theory
|
|
|
|
|
Individual Psychology
|
Personality is Unified and Consistent Individual PsychologyIndividual is not internally divided
Every aspect of personality (thoughts, feelings, behaviors, is directed towards the final goal. Inconsistent Behavior does not exist. |
|
|
|
Teology
|
Teleology - views motivation according to some final purpose - looks for ideal or final design.
Adler: "We cannot think, feel, or act without the perception of some goal" |
|
|
|
Causality
|
|
|
|
|
Final goal
|
your Final Goal is the most important fiction
|
|
|
|
Striving for Success or Superiority
|
This final Goal can take the form of either Success or Superiority
Success = success for humanity; social interest, concern for others due to children who receive love and security Superiority = self promotion over others due to children who receive pampering, neglect, or have exaggerated physical inferiority |
|
|
|
Social interest
|
Social Interest = oneness with humanity; community advancement
Psychological health is measured by social interest. Origins of Social Interest: Mother-child relationship shows SI through love for child over herself must show appropriate SI by not neglecting/pampering child or husband Father-child relationship need to avoid strict authoritarian parenting and emotional detachment |
|
|
|
Style of life
|
A consistent pattern of dealing with life
personal goals; self-concept; empathy; attitude towards world product of heredity, environment, & creative power Mostly set by Age 4 or 5 Healthy individuals = flexible style |
|
|
|
Creative power
|
Inner freedom that empowers each person to create his own style of life.
People have considerable ability to choose their actions and personality. While we are greatly affected by heredity and environment, we also act on the environment and cause it to react to us. Places one in control of life: responsible for your final goal & how you will overcome inferiority |
|
|
|
Fictions
|
one’s belief system, expectations, views of themselves and the world (formed by age 5)
Examples of Fictions: Men are superior to women. Humans have free will that enable them to make choices. All men are created equal. I can overcome my deficiencies by dominating others |
|
|
|
Carl Jung
|
|
|
|
|
Active Imagination
|
Method of assimilation of unconscious contents through their experimentation as fantasies in the wakeful state.
|
|
|
|
Psychotherapy
|
|
|
|
|
Levels of Consciousness according to Jung
|
Conscious (ego), personal unconscious, collective unconscious
|
|
|
|
Complexes
|
Jung coined term. An emotionally charged group of ideas or images.
|
|
|
|
Archetypes
|
an unlearned tendency to experience things in a certain way (like a psychological instinct)
|
|
|
|
Persona
|
our public face that we show to the world
|
|
|
|
Shadow
|
the dark side of our personality
|
|
|
|
Anima/Animus
|
anima: feeling side of men; irrationality, moods animus: thinking and reason in woman
|
|
|
|
Great Mother
|
represents fertility/nourishment and destruction
|
|
|
|
Wise Old Man
|
represents wisdom and knowledge
|
|
|
|
Hero
|
powerful person who is part God, part human
|
|
|
|
Self
|
disposition to move towards growth, perfectiondisposition to move towards growth, perfection
Need to balance unconscious/conscious, anima/animus, shadow/persona |
|
|
|
Collective Unconscious
|
ancestral past of the human race
innate tendency to react due to ancestor’s experiences same for all humans made up of Archetypes |
Jung's Levels of Consciousness
|
|
|
Personal Unconscious
|
all repressed, forgotten, subliminal events
unique to each person Include complexes = emotionally toned conglomeration of associated ideas |
Jung's Levels of Consciousness
|
|
|
Conscious
|
(ego)
what we are aware of |
Jung's Levels of Consciousness
|
|
|
Thinking, (Introverted vs. Extroverted)
|
Thinking: focus on logical interpretation of events
Extraverted Thinking: scientist, mathematician Introverted Thinking: philosopher Feeling: focus on evaluation of events |
Jung's Types function
|
|
|
Feeling, (Introverted vs. Extroverted)
|
Feeling: focus on evaluation of events
Extraverted Feeling: guided by external/societal values (politicians) Introverted Feeling: guided by personal values (art critic) |
Jung's Types function
|
|
|
Sensing, (Introverted vs. Extroverted)
|
Sensing: focus on perceived physical stimuli
Extraverted Sensing: perceive stimuli consistent with external properties (wine taster) Introverted Sensing: guided by subjective perceptions of sense (artist) |
Jung's Types function
|
|
|
Intuition, (Introverted vs. Extroverted)
|
Intuition: focus on perception beyond physical consciousness (hunches)
Extraverted Intuition: perception of facts from the external world (inventors) Introverted Intuition: guided by internal beliefs/hunches (prophet) |
Jung's Types function
|
|
|
Jung’s Types
|
Two Dimensions:
Extraversion – Introversion (Attitudes) & unconscious Thinking/Feeling/Sensing/Intuition (Functions) |
|
|
|
Extroversion
|
turning outward of psychic energy with an orientation towards the objective - influenced by surroundings and focused on persona
|
Jung's Types Attitudes
|
|
|
Introversion
|
turning inward of psychic energy with an orientation towards the subjective (& unconscious)
|
Jung's Types Attitudes
|
|
|
Individuation
|
Jung term for Complex process of synthesis of the Self which consists mainly of the union of the unconscious with the conscious.
|
|
