Personality Theories

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1. What is Personality?

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The psychological characteristics of an individual that are general, enduring, distinctive, and functional.

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11. Psychoanalytic Theories (Freud and Others)

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B. Personality Assessment; projective techniques

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e.g. TAT, Rorschach, Drawing test, Sentence completion test.

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C. Causes of Abnormal Behavior.

(This is were personality is developed)

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!. Problem with id, ego, and super ego. (ego strength)
2. Maladaptive defense mechanisms. (using crude method) denile behavior.
3. Fixation at developement. (sex addicts, overeating, etc)

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D.Therapy- Psychoanalysis

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1. Free association ex: "i say dog you say....
2. Transference- clients project feelings onto another person onto therapists.
3. Countertransference- analysists project feelings onto patients.
4. Resistance- when patient impeds therapy and or rejects therapists interpretation.
5. Intrepretation- therapists discloses conscious meanings.
6. Insight- goal!!!, occurs when client intellectually understands and emotionally excepts therapists interpretation.

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E. Weakness of Therapy

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1. Lack of Emperical Support
2. Sex Biased (against women)
3. Concepts poorly defined or illogical
4. Generalizability Issues

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111. Trait Theories

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how traits are accquired, concepts, etc

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A. Basic Concepts

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Traits are enduring, stable personality characteristics
--consistent over time
--consistent across situations.

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B. Prominent Theoreticians

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Raymond Cattell, Gordon Allport,
McRae & Costa's Big 5:
O-openness
C-conscientiousness
E-extraverson
A-agreeableness
N-neuraticism

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C. Origin of Traits

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1.Inherited and or learned or both
2. Family Pedigree Studies.
3. Twin Studies (identical vs. fraternal; concordance rates).
4. Adoption Studies (adoptive vs. genetic parents).

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D. Personality Assessment

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self-report survey
--MMP1-2- MInnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (568 parts; takes 2 & half hours)
ex: "i Have Pain on a daily basis"
--NEO-FF1- commonly used personality assessment.

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E. Causes of Abnormal Behavior

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Strength, amt, or type of trait one has inhereted or learned.

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F. Therapy

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None- because traits do not change.

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G. Weakness of Theory

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1. High Reliance on self report
2. Pseudoexplanations-ex: " John is a mean boy..."
3. Underestimate environmental factors...behave the same in multitude of environments.
4. Low correlations between trait measures and behavior
5. does not account for changes in personality over time.

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V. Social Learning Theories

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(Rotter and Bandura)

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A. Basic Concepts

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Personality is caused by psychological factors as well as environmental factors.

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B. Rotter's Social Learning Theory

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3 Factors that causes behavior
a. psychological situation b. reinforcement value c. expectancy-locus of control(outcome of expectancy)- you believe you can control the outcome of certain events (internal)- Chance, luck, karma(external).

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C. Bandura's Social Learning Theory

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1.Triadic reciprocal determinism (Parents, Learned)- a. environmental factors, b. personal factors (thoughts, feelings), c. behavior.
2. Self Efficacy- performanceexpectancy; ability to perform a behavior.
3. Observational Learning- most behavior is learned by watching others.

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D. Personality Assessment

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Behavioral observations and self report measures.

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E. Causes of Abnormal behavior

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problems with environment(poor parenting style) or with thoughts and feelings(low self efficacy/ locus of control)

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F. Therapy

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1. Adjust environment (Application of behavioral analysis)
2. Identify, challenge, and change maladaptive thoughts.
3. Use of models
4. Cognitive behavioral therapy

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G. Weakness of Theory

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1. 'metatheory' so may lack specificity at times.
2. Does not consider biological factors.

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Mental Illness

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Outline and Study Guide

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1. Historical Perspectives

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1. Ancient Societies
2. Middle ages
3. The Renaissance
4. Post Renaissance
5. 20th and 21st centuries

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A. Ancient Societies

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1. Balance between supernatural causes vs. natural causes.
2. God(s), spirits, demons, celestial bodies, etc. controlled behavior.
3. Theories of imbalance
a. 7th century chinese concept of ying/yang
b. hippocrates (460-377 B.C.)

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B. Middle Ages

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1. religion and supernatural causes
2. exorcisms, flogging, deprived of food (water), etc.

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C. The Renaissance (1400-1600)

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1. more humane treatment of mentally ill.
2. Johann Weyer (1563) published work arguing for natural causes.

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D. Post Renaissance

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1. Asylums (mental Hospitals) (people chained to walls.
2. 1700s reform
3.Benjamin Rush- American Psychiatrist (advocated more humane treatment).
4. Philippe Pinel- early classification system (first to develope/ class mental disorders
5. Emil Kraepelin- German physician who developed classfication System (Dementia preacox)

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E. 20th and 21st centuries (Early Dementia)

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Different schools of psychology exists each with its own model (theory) of explanining behavior.
A.Theory tells you how to conceptualize normal and abnormal behavior.
B. theories have varying amountnof research support
C. theories can make incompatible predictions

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11. Dfinitions of abnormal behavior (and mental illness)

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A. Myth

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Thomas Szasz argued in 1960's that mental disorders are just lables and do not exist in the same way that a virus or brain tumor exist.

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B. Violation and social norms

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C. Dfinitions of abnormal behavior (and mental illness)

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whatever mental health professions treat.

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D. Dfinitions of abnormal behavior (and mental illness)

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Statistically deviant behavior (rare or infrequent)
1. Yet some mental illness is not rare- prevalence rates of depression.

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E. Dfinitions of abnormal behavior (and mental illness)

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mental illness as harmful as dysfunction (not able to maintain relationships).

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F. Dfinitions of abnormal behavior (and mental illness)

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Mental illness as a "a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome associated with either a painful symptom or impairment in any area of functioning

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111. Classification (in America) of mental illness

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A. The DSM- Diagnostic and Statistical manual of mental disorders.
1. first developed in 1952- 6 revisions so far.
2. all revisions done by American Psychological Association
3. multiaxial system -5 axis
a. Clinical disorders
b. personality disorder/ mental retardation
c. medical conditions
d. psychosocial support
e. GAF- global assessment of functioning 0-100.
B Rest of the world uses ICD (international classification of diseases.)

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1V. Problems with the DSM

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A. Length of manual (130-941 pages).
B.Classification does not provideinfo on etiology (origin) or treatment.
C.Communication between professionals-example of major depressive disorder; has to have 5 to qualify for major depressive disorder.- sadness, loss/ increase of appitite, feeling of sucide, problems sleeping.
D. uses lables- ex. boderline personality disorder, mood swings-treatment dylapitical behavioral theorpy (may give individuals to act a certain way)
E. Revisions -ex of homosexuality.