Personality Psych Test 1

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The word personality comes from "persona," which originally meant

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theatrical mask

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Psychologists are most likely to agree that

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none

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pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics thatgive both consistency and individuality to human behavior is called

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personality

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theory can be defined as

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set of related assumptions that generate testable hypotheses.

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Which statement best reflects the relationship between theory andhypothesis?

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A single theory may generate several hypotheses

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A hypothesis is best defined as

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an educated guess or prediction

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Taxonomies

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systems for classifying data

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What is the relationship among theory, hypothesis, and observation?

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Theories generate hypotheses that lead to observations that may alter theoriginal theory.

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The ultimate value of a theory is its

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usefullness

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A theory should be open to disconfirmation. This refers to the theory'sability to

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be falsified

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A related set of if-then assumptions would constitute a

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theory

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The subdiscipline of psychology that looks at the personal traits ofscientists is called

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psychology of science.

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Although scientists are influenced by their personal characteristics,the usefulness of their work is

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judged by their scientific product.

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A useful theory should

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all

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An internally consistent theory

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includes operational definitions of its terms.

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A theory that is as simple as possible is

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parsimonious.

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An explanation of behavior in terms of future goals or purposes is

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teleological .

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A test that yields consistent results is said to be

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reliable

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A valid test

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is also reliable.

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The twin cornerstones of psychoanalytic motivation are

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sex and aggression.

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Freud began his self-analysis shortly after

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his father died.

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As a youth and young man, Freud was strongly motivated to

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win fame by making a great discovery

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What analogy did Freud use to illustrate the relationship between the egoand the id?

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rider and horse

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The id serves the __________ principle.

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pleasure

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Which regions of the mind have no direct contact with the external world

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id only

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Which of these is a manifestation of both sex and aggression?

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sadism

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A masochist receives sexual pleasure from

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receiving pain inflicted by others

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Freud called the mouth, anus, and genitals

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erogenous zones.

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The guilt a person experiences after violating personal standards of conduct is called ________ anxiety.

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moral

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According to Freud, anxiety is felt by the

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ego

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Defense mechanisms protect the ego against

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anxiety

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In Freudian theory, anxiety

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triggers repression.

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After a drive or image has been repressed, it

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any of the above

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With this defense mechanism, a repressed desire finds an opposite andexaggerated expression.

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reaction formation

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A completely weaned child goes back to the bottle after a younger sister isborn. This return to a more infantile pattern of behavior expresses a

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regression.

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Chad has great admiration for his history teacher. He attempts to imitatethis teacher's lifestyle and mannerisms. This is an example of

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introjection.

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This defense mechanism, unlike the others, usually results in some benefitto society

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sublimation

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To Freud, the most crucial stage of development is

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infancy

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. The anal triad consists of all these characteristics EXCEPT

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aggressiveness.

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Freud believed that differences between boys and girls inpsychosexual development are due to

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anatomy.

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For boys, the castration complex

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causes the repression of sexual feelings towards mom.

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For girls, the castration complex

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takes the form of penis envy

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For boys

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all

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Freud believed that, with few exceptions, the unconscious meaning ofdreams is an expression of

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wish-fulfillments.

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Psychoanalytic therapy is most likely to include this technique.

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free association

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During the past dozen or so years, psychoanalysis has received mostresearch support from

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neuroscience

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As a child, Adler had a somewhat competitive relationship with

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an older brother named Sigmund

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Adler was atypical in that many of his patients were

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from the lower and middle classes
&
wealthy businessmen

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Adler believed that

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People are basically self determined

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To Adler, the one dynamic force behind a person's activity is

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the striving for success or superiority

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According to Adler, a person's final goal is

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a creation of the creative power.

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Adler insisted that personality is shaped by

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subjective perceptions.

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According to Adler, ideas that have no real existence, yet influenceindividuals as if they really existed, are called

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fictions.

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The doctrine that motivation should be considered according to its finalpurpose or aim is called

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teleology.

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Alder believed that organ inferiorities

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stimulate feelings of inferiority.

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Gemeinschaftsgefühl is usually translated as

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social interest

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According to Adler the worth of a person can be judged by their

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social interest.

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A person's final goal is ultimately shaped by

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the creative power .

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Depreciation and accusation are types of the safeguarding tendency of

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Aggression

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Adler held that people are continually pushed by the need to overcomeinferiority feelings and pulled by the desire for

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completion.

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To Adler, the core of maladjustment is

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lack of social interest.

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Early recollections are

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keys to understanding one's present style of life.

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According to Adler, neurotic people tend to

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all

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Adler believed that the goals of a pathological person

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are exaggerated and unrealistic.

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Pampered children

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frequently feel unloved and neglected

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Adlerian safeguarding tendencies are

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largely or mostly conscious

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Safeguarding tendencies protect exaggerated feelings of superiorityagainst

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disgrace

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Compared with Freud, Adler

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had a more positive view toward women.

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Style of life is most reliably revealed by

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early recollections.

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According to Adler, dream

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provide information for dealing with future problems

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The ultimate goal of Adlerian therapy is to

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increase social interest.

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Research suggests that early recollections

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may change during the course of psychotherapy

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Jung's midlife crisis followed soon after his break with

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Freud

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. Jung divided the unconscious psyche into two parts—the personal and the

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collective.

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In analytical psychology, the self is

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an important archetype

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The contents of the personal unconscious are called

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complexes.

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Archetypes are

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components of the collective unconscious

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The persona archetype

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is the social role others see.

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According to Jung, a person's first test of courage is to

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realize her or his shadow

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The anima is

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the feminine side of me

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Irrational moods in men are represented by the

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anima

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The archetype of nourishment and destruction is the

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great mother.

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The great mother archetype is most likely to be symbolized by

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a witch.

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The wise old man archetype represents

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meaning and wisdom

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The hero archetype

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all

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The self is usually represented by this symbol.

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the mandala

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In Jungian psychology, the self

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all

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Many of Jung’s patients were in the second half of life and struggling with

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loss of meaning, aimlessness and a fear of death

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In Jungian psychology, introversion and extraversion are regarded as

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attitudes.

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According to Jung, extraversion is basically

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orientation toward the objective

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Introverted feeling type

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rely on subjective evaluations rather than the opinions of others.

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Jung regarded thinking and feeling as

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functions.

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n 1909, Jung told Freud about a dream in which he found two ancient humanskulls in an old cave. He told Freud that the skulls were those of his wife andsister-in-law. Later, however, Jung accepted the skulls as representing

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the collective unconscious.

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Jung believed that in middle life. At that time a person shoul

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move from an extraverted attitude toward an introverted one

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The process of becoming whole or complete—that is, actualizing the variouscomponents of personality—is called

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individuation.

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According to Jung, what types of dreams originate from the collective unconscious of the dreamer?

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big dreams

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Most research on Jungian concepts has involved the notion of

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typology

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Bowlby's theory assumes that

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the mother-child bonding becomes a model for the child's futurefriendships.

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According to Bowlby, protest is the first stage of

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separation anxiety

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Ainsworth found that secure infants will

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approach their mother when she returns to a room.

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Mahler based her theories on

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natural interactions between mothers and children in her research space

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Mahler believed that in the first months of life

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there is no distinction made between self and other

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Harlow showed that attachment behavior

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was related to contact comfort

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For object relations theorists the most important human motive is

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to establish human relationships

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During Mahler’s subphase one, (5 to ten months) which of the followingappear?

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all

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Dependence and independence are in sharp conflict during the period of

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Rapproachement (16 to 24 months)

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Winicott described attentive care, which allows a baby to act, rather thanreact, as

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a holding environment

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. Which of these statements most accurately reflects one of Horney'sneurotic needs?

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I need an emotionally strong person to lean on."

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Horney believed that most neuroses are the result of

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unhealthy interpersonal relations

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Horney felt _____________ toward her father

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hostility

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. Horney's early professional writings were strongly influenced by

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Adler.

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Horney criticized psychoanalysis for its

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concept of feminine psychology.

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Horney believed that cultural and familyconditions are largelyresponsible for the development of

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basic anxiety.

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According to Horney, neurotic needs are based on

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Needing to feel safe

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Horney believed that a competitive and hostile society encourages

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isolation.

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Horney believed that people overvalue love as a means of satisfying the need for ____

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affection

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According to Horney, most neurotic individuals

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seek love in a self-defeating fashion.

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Horney defined basic anxiety as a feeling of being

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isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world.

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Horney believed that modern society is too

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competitive

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According to Horney, neurotic behavior is a protection against

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basic anxiety.

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Which of these is NOT one of Horney's three neurotic trends?

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moving with people

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Compared to normal defenses, neurotic defenses are

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More compulsive

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The compliant person is most likely to adopt the neurotic trend of

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moving toward people

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Each neurotic trend has a normal, healthy analog. A friendly, loving

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toward others

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Horney regarded the idealized self-image and self-hatred as

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intrapsychic conflicts

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Contrary to Freud, Horney held that the Oedipus complex is

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found only in some people

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According to Horney, when it occurs, the oedipal complex is

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an expression of the neurotic need for love

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Ashley feels alienated from her femininity and wishes that she were aman. Horney would say that Ashley's desires originate from

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her experiences with cultural privileges for men