Personality Psych Exam 1

Front 1

3 goals of psychological theories

Back 1

describe

explain

predict

Front 2

WHAT IS PERSONALITY

Back 2

Set of psychological traits

and mechanisms

within an individual

organized and relatively enduring

that influence

peoples interactions

and adaptations

to the environment

Front 3

3 levels of personality assessment

Back 3

Human nature

individual and group differences

individual uniqueness

Front 4

Human nature (1 of 3 levels of personality assessment)

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How we are like all others

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Group differences (1 of 3 levels of personality assessments)

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how we are like some others

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individual uniqueness (1 of 3 levels of personality assessment)

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how we are like no others

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4 interactions with the environment

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perception

selection

evocation

manipulation

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2 approaches to research

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- nomothetic

-ideographic

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Nomothetic approach to research

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focussing on many people

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ideographic approach to research

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focussing on a single person

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*A fissure in the field* study

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Bunch of blind peeps felt a diff part of an elephant and all thought it was something different cause they didn't understand it as a whole

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6 domains of knowledge

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dispositional

biological

intrapsychic

cognitive-experimental

social+cultural

adjustment

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traits describe:

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average tendencies of a person

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intrapsychic

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within the mind

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domain of knowledge

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limited aspects of human nature that psychologists focus on

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dispositional domain

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deals with ways in which individuals differ from one another

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biological domain

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says humans are collections of biological systems and these provide building blocks for thoughts, behaviors, and emotions

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intrapsychic domain

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mental mechanisms of personality

- operate outside of conscious awareness

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cognitive experimental domain

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focuses on cognition and subjective experience (thoughts, feelings, desires)

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social and cultural domain

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personality comes from society and culture

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adjustment domain

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how personality plays a key role in how we cope, adapt, and adjust to flow of events in our day to day lives

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3 aspects of a good theory

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-provides guide for research

-organizes known findings

- makes predicitons

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5 standards for evaluating personality theories:

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- comprehensiveness (does the theory do a good job of explaining all facts in the domain?

- heuristic value - (does the theory provide a guide to important new discoveries?)

- testability - (does the theory give precise predictions that can be tested through observation?)

- parsimony - does theory contain few or many assumptions?

- compatibility + integration across domains

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types of data (LOTS)

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life outcome data

observer report data

test data

self-report data

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projective tests/techniques

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person is given a standard stimulus and asked what they see

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generalizability

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degree a measure retains its validity across various contexts

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Life outcome data

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information from events - for public scrutiny

Advantages- predictions and relevance

Disadvantages- influenced by multiple other factors

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Observer report data

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info provided by someone else about another person

Advantages- seeing target in many contexts, can use multiple observers

Disadvantages- limited into- don't know your inner thoughts, personal biases, error with unusual events

Front 29

Test Data

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info provided by standardized testing

Front 30

Self Report Data

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person shares personal info

ex) survey

Front 31

How to have strong confidence in findings (RGV)

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Real Great Value

Reliability

Validity

Generalizability

Front 32

reliability

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degree to which the measure represents a true level of the trait being measured

Front 33

3 types of reliability

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test-retest

inter-rater

interconsistancy

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test-retest

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test the same test different times and compare the persons scores

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inter-rater reliability

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test agreement between two raters

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interconsistancy

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test participants one time with items that probe the same question

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validity

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degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure

Front 38

difference between reliability and validity

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reliability measures how consistently an experiment produces the same results while validity sees if a test is measuring what it claims to measure

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5 types of validity

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face validity

predictive validity

convergent validity

discriminant validity

construct validity

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act nomination

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procedure meant to identify which acts belong to which trait category

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prototypicality judgement

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identifying which acts are most central to each trait category

Front 42

3 approaches to trait identification

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1. lexical approach

2. statistical approach

3. theoretical

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lexical approach

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all important individual differences have become encoded within natural language over time

-The more words there are to describe it, the more important it is

-synonym frequency

- cross-cultural universality

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statistical approach (factor analysis)

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identifies groups of items that covary with each other but tend to not covary with other groups of items

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theoretical approach

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starts with a theory that then determines which variables are important

- strengths coincide with strengths of a theory

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2 taxonomies of personality

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Eysencks hierarchical model of personality

5 factor model (big 5)

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eysencks hierarchical model

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biological basis to traits

heritable

3 main traits:

extraversion-introversion, neuroticism-emotional stability, psychoticism

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extraversion-introversion (eysenck)

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.6 heritability

introverts have higher resting arousal level

introverts show larger and faster response to moderate stimuli

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neuroticism- emotional stability

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.54 heritability

differences in brain circuits involved in perception of and cognitive control over negative stimuli

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psychoticism

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high levels of testosterone

low MAO

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5 Factor model

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Openness

conscientiousness

extraversion

agreeableness

neuroticism

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openness

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open to experience

intellectually curious, nonconforming, daring, appreciative of art, aware of feelings

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conscientiousness

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tendency to show preference for planned behavior

influences control, regulation, and direction of impulses

dependable, productive, purposeful, high achieving

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extraversion

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positive emotions and the tendency to seek stimulation and the company of others

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agreeableness

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tendency to be compassionate and cooperative

desire to maintain positive interpersonal relationships

sympathetic, warm, trusting generous helpful optimistic

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neuroticism

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tendency to experience negative emotions - emotional instability

emotionally reactive, vulnerable to stress, interpret situations as threatening, anxious and insecure

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acquiescence

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wanting to sound good

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social desirability

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answering in a way to come across as socially acceptable or likable

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integrity testing

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surveys designed to assess whether person is honest or dishonest

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integrity

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high conscientiousness, high agreeableness, and low neuroticism

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Restriction (measurement issue)

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affects correlations between scales

range restricted

smaller correlation (pic of graph only including small clump of x values so you can't see the whole trend

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barnum statement

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generally could apply to anyone, many double barreled questions. uses phrases like "at times"

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myers briggs

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4 scores combined to yield 16 types of personalities

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development

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formal education, job experience, relationships, assessments of personalities and abilities that help employees perform effectively in their current and future jobs

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training

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planned effort by a company to facilitate employees learning of job related competence

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selection

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assessment to discriminate and select higher quality applicants in a pool

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job analysis

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developing discription of job and specifications employee must have to perform it

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human genome

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complete set of genes that an organism possesses

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behavioral genetics

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trying to predict the percent of variance in personality due to genetics and environmental differences

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shared environment vs unshared

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phenotype

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what a gene is actually expressed as

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heritability

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proportion of observed variance in group of individuals that can be accounted for by genetic variance

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genetic similarity to parent and child

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50%

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genetic similarity between siblings

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50%

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genetic similarity between grandparent and child

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25%

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genetic similarity between identical twins vs fraternal

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100%....50%

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thickness of gray matter influences personality

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3 types of exposure of people with different genotypes to different environments

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passive

active

reactive

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Passive (genotype stuff)

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you can have parents with verbal abilities and they can pass that down to you and also have many books in the house so it continues

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reactive (genotype stuff)

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child evokes verbal environment

ex) starting to talk early so their parents talk back to them

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active (genotype stuff)

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selecting into environments like going into theatre or debate

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molecular genetics

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techniques designed to identify specific genes associated with personality traits

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genotype- environment interaction

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the effect of exposure to an environmental factor depends on a person's genotype - but doesn't necessarily always have to do with genotype

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physiological approach psych

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personality is considered stable

hard wired in our biology

Front 85

Nervous system

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CNS (Brain)

PNS (autonomic and sympathetic)

Psychopharmacology (neurotransmitters)

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Physiological measures

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-electrodermal activity

- cardiovascular activity

- brain activity

- other (biochemical analysis of blood and saliva)

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biochemical analysis

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body's chemical measures

travels in blood stream to tissues or organs

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testosterone

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male hormone

aggression

anxiety

assertiveness

impulsivity

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cortisol

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stress hormone

prepares boy for fight or flight

Front 90

neurotransmitters

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chemicals in the nerve cells that are responsible for the transmission of a nerve impulse from one cell to another

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dopamine

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associated with pleasure

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serotonin

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mood disorders, anxiety, depression

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norepinephrine

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activates the sympathetic nervous system for fight or flight

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Jeffrey Grey

Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory

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describes personality traits as a function of individual differences in the sensitivities of BIS and BAS

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BAS (Behavioral approach system)

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responsive to cues of reward

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BIS (behavioral inhibition system)

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responsive to cues of punishment, frustration, and uncertainty. avoidance behavior

Front 97

Sensation seeking : Zuckerman

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people who are high sensation seeking have low levels of MAO

Front 98

Frontal Brain Asymmetry

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left hemisphere= happier

right hemisphere= more emotional