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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Discuss Allport's criteria for an "adequate" theory of personality and understand how these criteria relate to personality theories of his contemporaries |
1. Personality has to be contained within people (only psychoanalytic theory is adequate) 2. People have variables that contribute to their behavior 3. The motives for our behavior are in our present not our past ( jab at freud) 4. The unit of measure used by the theory must be capable of a "living synthesis" (melding, blending, cooperating) organized personality based on blending of your capability ex. groups of 3 ppl are stronger than anyone on their own (not like freud who things the id and ego are at battle with one another) 5. It must account for self awareness |
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Explain Allport’s concept of trait
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Allport's concept of a trait says that 1. Traits involve a mind body connection (neuropsychic) 2. traits account for the consistency in human behavior ( how you behave in multiple situations, multiple times) 3. traits organize experiences (interpret situations) ex. tom is social, dick is career driven, when the boss says good job to both of them, tom asks him to have dinner with him and his wife, dick asks him for a raise 4. traits will guide behavior |
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Elucidate on the criteria that Allport employs for inferring the presence of a trait. |
1. frequency that someone adopts a certain kind of adjustment (Temporal Consistency) 2. range of situations in which the person adopts this mode of acting (Situational Consistency) 3. the intensity of someone's reactions of keeping with this pattern of behavior |
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To distinguish the concept of traits from the concept of habits |
A trait synthesizes a number of specific habits ex. brushing teeth, washing hands, washing face, showering, brushing hair, wearing clean clothes are all habits that infer the trait cleanliness |
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To distinguish among the various types of traits that Allport discusses |
A. Common Traits- stereotypes, group of pppl (being a nazi or being an irish catholic) B. Individual Traits- a personal disposition 1. Cardinal Disposition -influences everything a person does, blocks out everything else. not a likely outcome. ex. Mother Theresa 2. Central Dispositions - account for the consistency in our behavior (usually have 3-8) 3. Secondary Dispositions - account for the idiosyncrisity (uniqueness) what makes us slightly different from other ppl, behavior specific to a situation ex. taking exams from High cross situational impact to low it goes: Cardinal, Central, Secondary, then habits
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To define Allport’s concept of Proprium |
Allport's proprium says that personality consists of both biological and psychological structures, the structures are continuous in nature and require organization. the organizing agent it the proprium and includes all the facts about a person that make him or her unique, it is developed slowly over time ex. same paint and same amount of paint, a million different ways a picture could turn out depending on the proporium (painter) |
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To elaborate the 7 developmental stages suggested by Allport |
1. 1st yr sense of "bodily me"- knowing what's our body and what's not our body ex. child infront of a mirror who know its him, phantom limb, sucking on a blanket vs. sucking our thumb 2. 2nd yr sense of self-identity- sense of this is who I am and I continue to be me over time ex. Im sarah today, ill be sarah tommorow, and the day after that 3. 3rd yr sense of self esteem - pride, what they think they can and can't do, "I can do it" 4. 4th yr sense of self-extension - knowing what is yours, extending themselves to people and things ex. mine. my mommy, my doggy, my cookie 5. 4-6 yrs the emergence of self image - developing a conscience, what is right and wrong and good and bad, to learn they should be guilty 6. 6-12 yrs emergence of self as a rational coper- learns to cope with problems with the use of rationality, solving problems using our wits (elementary school, getting along w/ others) 7. 12- adolescence emergence of propriate striving- FUTURE, striving= what you want to do, your plans, future goals |
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To compare and contrast need reduction (homeostatisis) and need induction (hetereostasis) approaches to motivation |
Homeostasis- need reduction, focus on past states, recreating the status quo Hetereostasis- need induction, focus on future goals, growth through solving problems
multiple reasons why we do something |
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To discuss Allport’s criteria for an “adequate” theory of motivation
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1. it must recognize contemporary nature of motives (here and now) 2. must allow for the existence of several kinds of motives (not only freuds "hedonism" seeks pleasure) 3. It must recognize the importance of cognitive processes 4. It must recognize that each person's pattern of motivation is unique (everyone has diff motivations, cant learn from other ppl about a specific person) |
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To define functional autonomy and elaborate the principles that governs this concept |
Functional Autonomy: is when you do something because you like it and because its part of who you are "A means to an end becomes an end in and of itself" notes that: a reason why a person engages in a form of behavior may not be the same reason they originally began the behavior Principles 1. organizing energy : you have to satisfy your basic needs before doing what you love to do, homeostatic needs must be satisfied 2. The principle of mastery and competence: ppl wanna get better and better at more and more things, reach new levels 3. propriate patterning: everyones pattern of motives is unique , what thrills one person wont thrill another necessarilyl |
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To enumerate the characteristics that Allport associates with normal healthy adults |
1. The capacity for self extension: ability to interact w/ others, not self absorbed that you dont see other people 2. capacity for warm human interaction: ability to get along with others without being tainted by jealousy 3. demonstrate security and self acceptance: "I accept that I will never be a basketball player" 4. demonstrate realistic perceptions: " I have aids, I will die in 3-5 yrs ( some argue its healthier to have more unrealistic but optimistic perceptions) 5. demonstrate self objectification: being able to look at yourself objectively, what you can do , what you cant do 6. demonstrate a unifying philosophy of life: comes from religion, or a standpoint (existentialism) |
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explain the logic behind the statistical technique of factor analysis |
The logic behind factor analysis is that we can simplify the complex by looking at the correlations between variables and grouping the ones that have correlations that stand out so that the variables can be summarized by a smaller number of factors. |
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Describe the various categories of traits that Cattell described. |
level 1... Common Traits: Function of a group Surface Traits: can be observed, the correlation of 2 behaviors, the relationship between two variables Unique Traits: function of an individual
level 2... Source traits: the cause of our behavior, inferred from surface traits and factor analysis Environmental mold Traits: function of experience Constitutional traits: biologically based and genetically predetermined a. Temperament Trait: way of behaving, style, tempo, (colicky baby, impulsive vs reflective, genetically dictated Ability Traits: dictate how fast you can adapt to a changing environment a. Crystallized Intelligence: a function of experience, vocabulary learned in school b. Fluid Intelligence: you were born with, intelligence you use everyday, ex. memory span, planning behavior, anything not a function of experience
level 3... Dynamic Traits: What motivates us a. Ergs: basic needs, food, survival, safety, biologically based b. Meta-Ergs: what we learn to be motivated by, money, power. we learned that money will get us what we want and need |
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Explain why Cattell can be labeled as a determinist |
Cattell can be labeled as a determinist because he believes that behavior is a function of a finite number of variables, and if these variables are completely known human behavior can be predicted with complete accuracy. So our behavior in Cattell's eyes is predetermined and not free. |
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Describe the 3 main factors required to predict behavior |
1. All of the traits that a person possesses 2. All of the situational modulators: temporary body states or required social roles (being sleepy, social roles, being a student etc.) 3. The situational importance weights for each of these traits and situational modulators to the present context (how important is a particular variable for that situation, which factor becomes more important, ex. graduate exam: is extroversion or intelligence for important vs. a party: is extroversion or intelligence more important) |
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Describe the components of the specification equation |
Traits: A-Ability T-Temperament E- Ergic Tension present M-Metaergs Situation Modulators R: Roles called for by the situation S: Temporary body states sj= a weight of the importance of each of the other influences in the situation |
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Compare and Contrast Cattell's and Eysenck's research approach to assessing traits. |
Cattell uses a bottom up approach, where the data creates the theory contrasting to Eysenck's top down approach where the theory comes first and the data tests the theory. Cattell's approach contains a large number of traits but Eysenck believes there is a smaller number. Lastly they differ in their factor analysis strategy, Cattell using a First order factor analysis and Eysenck uses a Higher order factor analysis. |
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Describe the components of Eysenck's hierarchal model of personality |
The first component of Eysenck's hierarchal model is Types: Introversion-Extroversion, Stability-Instability, and Psychotism, the second component is Traits that demonstrate the Types such as being carefree, sociable, active, assertive for the Type Extraversion. The 3rd component is the habitual responses that are evidence of the traits, these are general statements such as talking to people, going to parties, going to movies with others. The last component is a person's specific responses that are specific situations that sum up the habitual responses such as for the habitual response going to parties some of the specific responses would be Becky's party, Stan's party, office party. |
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Identify the traits associated with the Five Factor Model |
1. Neuroticism- stable vs. unstable, anxiety level, emotional stability, coping responses, depression 2. Extraversion- excitement seeking,gregariousness, activity level, quality and quantity of interpersonal interactions, capacity for joy, need for stimulation 3. Openness to experience- proactive seeking and appreciation for experiences for ones own sake, toleration for and exploration of the unfamiliar 4. Agreeableness- quality of one's interpersonal orientation along a continuum from compassion to antagonism in thoughts, feelings and actions 5. Conscientiousness- degree of organization, persistence, motivation in goal directed behavior, dependableness, contrasts those who are sloppy and lackadaisical. |
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Discuss the relationship between the 5 factor model and Eysenck's hierarchal model of personality |
The 5 factor model contains 2 of Eysneck's Types from his hierarchal model. Neuroticsim and Extraversion. Neurotism relates to Eysnecks stability- instability type, and Extraversion relates to Eysneck's Introversion-extroversion type. |
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discuss the six sources of validating evidence for the 5 factor model. |
1. Temporal Stability: a. Longitudinal Design: individuals show the same 5 factors in the same order even 7-10 years later b. Cross sectional Design: looking at ppl of all ages, kids, young adults, and elderly the same 5 factors show up in the same order
2. Cross-cultural agreement on factors: when we translate the NEOPI to another cultures language and have them interpret it back to english and it is the same, generally the same 5 factors appear in the same order. limitations: a lot of diff languages and dialects, can't hit every culture we start w/ american which is sort of pushing our views on them sometimes a unique trait pops up that hasn't been seen sometimes they aren't in the same order some cultures have difficulty accepting the concept of personality
3. there is an Agreement between self and others: a. there is an agreement between self and peers on all 5 factors b. only minimal social interaction is required to produce agreement c. the more well acquainted the more agreement there is
4. Biology a. genetics: doesn't matter whether the environments of twins is the same or diff, biological twins show more similarities in big 5 even when reared in diff environments b. evolutionary theory: neuroticism- mate selection, agreeableness and conscientiousness relates to group survival, there are trait dimensions across species c. neuroscience: neuroanatomical functioning- when there is more of certain hormones it does prove to correspond to types of personality
5. Personality Disorders: most of the dsm four personality disorders can usually be described in high level of agreement with the big 5
6. Predictive Utility: there is an association btwn the big 5 and job performance. certain jobs emphasize certain characteristics (Conscientiouness and Agreeableness) dependability and getting along with others
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Define the fundamental Lexical Hypothesis |
we develop words that allow us to discriminate among people according to their behavior. (you would rather work with someone who was described as hard working than lazy) all cultures develop the same types of descriptors |
