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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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discuss Freud’s scientific legacy
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1. Unconscious mental processes do exist.
2. There is a tendency for affective and motivational dynamics to operate in parallel and produce compromise solutions. 3. Childhood is the origin of many personality and social dispositions. 4. The mental representation of self, others, and relationships are critical. 5. Personality development entails moving from an immature, dependent state to a mature, interdependent one. |
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To explain Freud’s topographical hypothesis
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The mind contains primitive and sophisticated elements which are hierarchically ordered
– The primitive elements are biologically based – The sophisticated elements are reality based that strive to make instinctual gratification consonant with internalized moral standards. • This is a dynamic theory that focuses on the conflict between these elements |
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conceptual problem that Freud found with this theoretical proposition
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The Problem of Repression:
Certain impulses are prevented from reaching consciousness by the process of repression which are located in the higher levels of the mind (i.e., conscious system or close to this system) The problem is that we are not able to bring the act of repression into conscious awareness We are faced with the dilemma of a process being unconscious and incapable of becoming conscious being located in an area where it should have access to consciousness. |
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structural hypothesis and explain how this resolved the conceptual problem associated with the topographical hypothesis
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The id corresponds to the unconscious system of the topographical hypothesis.
The ego and the superego includes the conscious and preconscious system and dips into the unconscious system This answers the problem of repression in that the sophisticated reality-based ego has both unconscious and conscious attributes |
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. To discuss why Freud’s model of the psyche could be characterized as a Battleground
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Freud viewed psychopathology as a result of the clashing of psychic forces between various parts of the mind.
– At first, conflicts were described as struggles between the unconscious and conscious systems – Then the struggles was between the ego and its three masters – id, superego, and reality |
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describe Freud’s tension-reduction hypothesis
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Freud postulated that a constant low level of energy as the ultimate optimal state of balance for the mind
– High energy levels which are experienced as tension states are painful. – Pleasure results from changing a high energy state to a low energy state. |
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various components of a drive
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*Source – All drives have an organ system responsible for excitatio-
*Aim – All drive attempts to achieve gratification. *Object – The product that fulfills the need which the drive expresses. – Not all objects equally satisfy the drive. |
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Cathexis
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The id is the mind’s energy reservoir
– Drives are activated by biological needs – They push forward toward consciousness • Each drives possesses a quantum of energy known as cathexis. – The extent to which an instinct has energy, it is cathected. – The greater the cathexis, the more it is energized. • Libido – At first, referred to sexual energy and later connoted to energy levels in general. |
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discuss the libidinal (or instinctual) and ego developmental paths
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Two developmental paths:
1.Libidinal or Instinctual development • Biological or maturational change • Genetically programmed 2.Ego development • Results from the environmental satisfaction or frustration of biological drives • “Where id is, ego shall be” – What was under the control of irrational biological processes will become under the control of reality-based processes |
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Stages of personality development:
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Narcissistic, oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages
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Narcissistic stage
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During this early narcissistic phase (before the formation of the ego), drives are autoerotic.
– They stem from various sources known as erogenous zones – Gratification is achieved through one’s own body • Part instincts - These drive sources are poorly coordinated in that they act independently of each other as if they did not know of the existence of one another. • Autoeroticism – A stage of part instincts achieving gratification through the body before ego structures have been consolidated. |
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Primary narcissistic
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A stage where there is a rudimentary ego toward which the drives direct themselves
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Secondary narcissistic
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A stage during which initial distinctions are made between the psyche and the outer world and instincts
briefly reach into the external world, only to be pulled back into the ego |
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Oral Stage:
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Oral erogenous area becomes the predominant source of gratification.
• Parent can serve as a gratifier or a frustrator during the weaning process. – Source of gratification is external to the infant. – Experiences prompt attempts on the part of the primitive ego to develop delay-of gratification strategies |
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substages of oral stage:
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Passive-dependent phase
• Oral-cannibalistic phase |
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Anal stage:
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• Maturation of sphincter control results in a new source of gratification…the retention
and elimination of feces • In contrast to the oral stage, the source of gratification is internal to the child. • So how does this behavior come under the control of the environment? – Id does not appreciate tension from any source, internal or external to the child – Parents’ admonitions create tension for the child |
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substages of the anal stage:
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Passive phase
• Aggressive phase |
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Phallic stage:
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Most controversial and convoluted aspect of Freud’s theory
• The genital region becomes the leading erogenous zone. • The appearance of the near universality of masturbation • The emergence of a dichotomy between male and female development |
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Relevant Male Pre-Oedipal Developments:
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Forms an identification with his father (i.e., he wants to be his father)
• Develops a sexual desire for his mother (i.e., he want to have his mother) • These seemingly contradictory wishes can coexist because of the boy’s immature ego |
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Simple Male Oedipal Complex
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Upon recognizing the contradictory nature of his desires, he:
– Gives up his identification with his father – Retains his desire for his mother • His father now becomes a rival for his mother’s affection |
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Complete Male Oedipal Complex
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The bisexual nature of the boy complicates this triadic relationship further.
• The boy’s “feminine deposition” may lead the child to express: – Affection toward his father – Hostility toward the mother • The boy’s “masculine nature” prompts the opposite tendency so his relationship with his parents could be labeled as “ambivalent”. |
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Castration Complex
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It starts with the boy becoming aware of the absence of a penis on girls.
• This produces emotional shock and a search for an explanation. – Boy concludes that the girl had the penis cut off. – This inference is reinforced by parental threats to castrate or punish him for his sexual behaviors – This explanation will only occur when the ego is sufficiently mature to make this inference. • Castration has become an anxiety producing possibility. |
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Resolution of the Male Oedipal Complex
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To resolve the conflict stirred by his wishes, he either
– Has to give up the wishes, or – Hold them in check by various defense mechanisms (i.e., repression) • Through this repressive process, the child transforms these wishes into identifications with his parents – Instead of loving or hating his parents, he becomes like his parents – These identifications form the basis of the superego |
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Female Castration Complex (Penis Envy):
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This process precedes the oedipal complex for the girls, not follows it as with the boys
• Pre-oedipal girls assume that all children have genitals similar to their own, but they soon discover that boys have “different” equipment. – Girls become envious of this appendage, feel cheated, and desire to have a penis. – Unlike castration anxiety in boys which is quickly repressed, penis envy may last for years. |
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Female Oedipal Complex (Electra complex):
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The female child’s pre-oedipal fantasies of being seduced by mother now turns into hostility for the mother and desire for the father.
– Mother is blamed for the girl’s lack of penis – Father can give her a penis substitute, a baby When pre-Oedipal girls acknowledge their castration and recognize their inferiority to boys, they can follow three developmental paths: – Give up their sexuality and develop an intense hostility toward their mother – Cling defiantly to their masculinity – Develop normally taking father as a sexual choice and undergo the Oedipal complex The developmental path that the girl will take is a function of: – The girl’s inherent bisexuality – The degree of masculinity that she developed in earlier periods This resolution occurs when the girl surrenders her sexual desire for her father and identifies once again with her mother out of fear of losing her (Anaclitic identification) |
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Outcome of the Phallic Stage
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Repression of masturbatory activities
2. Repression of desire for opposite-sex parent 3. Identification with the same-sex parent 4. Formation of the Superego and its functions: a. The approval or disapproval of actions and wishes on the grounds of moral virtue b. Critical self-observation c. Self-punishment d. The demand for reparation or repentance of wrongdoing e. Self-praise or self-love |
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Latency Stage
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Repression of infantile sexuality results in the child now seemingly being unaware of sexual matters.
• Energy is now freed to develop necessary cognitive and social skills required to function within society • Some psychoanalysts (Fenickel, 1945) suggest that the repression of sexual energy is not complete. – E.g., Instability of childhood friendships |
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Genital Stage
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• Due to hormonal and physiological factors (libidinal development), repressed sexual feelings become greatly intensified.
• Previous defenses are no longer adequate. • Varied reactions to these stresses |
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Primary processes:
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The id cannot tolerate the tension associated with a bodily (or psychological) need and demands the immediate removal of this tension … Pleasure Principle
• Id has two means of reducing tension – Reflex actions – Wish-fulfillment – A need triggers in the id an attempt to reduce the tension associated with the need by imagining an object or an event that will satisfy the need. |
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secondary processes:
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Ego attempts to match the object images (wishes) derived from the id with objects and events in the real world
– Reality Principle: – Because the ego is aware of both the images of the id and external reality, it operates on both conscious and unconscious levels – Process of reality testing – trying to find appropriate objects |
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elaborate the role of the ego relative to the id, superego, and the demands of reality
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The id is a primary process, it serves as need reduction for the ego. The ego attempts to help id by fufilling wishes in reality
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describe the role of anxiety in Freud’s theory and elaborate on the various forms of anxiety
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Warns us that if we continue thinking or behaving in a certain way, we will be in danger.
• Anxiety is unpleasant (causes tension) so we try to avoid or reduce it. • Three types of anxiety – Reality anxiety – Moral anxiety – Neurotic anxiety |
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To understand the concept of repression
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A mental mechanism which keeps certain impulses and feelings from becoming conscious
• Two types of repression – Primal repression: Elements traced to our prehistory which cannot become conscious – Regression proper: Impulses to repression originates in the ego and the objectionable feeling or impulse in pushed back into the id. |
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Ego defenses:
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The processes possessed by the ego which serve to reduce anxiety.
• Defenses are arranged in a hierarchy of sophistication – The more sophisticated, the defenses, the less reality distortion and are closer to the top – The more primitive the defense, the more reality distortion and closer to the bottom • All of these defenses serve this purpose by the achievement of repression. Rationaliztion Sublimation Displacement Identification Conversion Isolation Reaction formation Undoing Projection denial |
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Rationalization
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Explaining one’s behavior in a socially appropriate manner to maintain one’s self-esteem:
• Very little distortion of reality • E.g., “I failed my test because my sister was crying on my shoulder all last night because her boyfriend dumped her, so I didn’t have enough time to study.” |
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Denial:
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Total disavowing or blotting out of reality
• Extreme distortions of reality • Is this as pathological as Freud would suggest? – Kubler-Ross: Response to one’s death – Lifton: Response to mass destruction |
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Sublimation:
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: Replacing an unacceptable behavior with a more acceptable behavior
• E.g., instead of having premarital sex, take a cold shower |
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Displacement:
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Replacing the object of an impulse (usually the person capable of gratifying the impulse) by substitute object
• E.g., Wanting to aggress against your boss but you direct your anger at another car driver while traveling home. |
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Identifcation:
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In a situation in which feels threatened, one may take on the qualities of the aggressor in order to master the terror of one’s helplessness
• Part of normal development as well as a defense • E.g., Stockholm syndrome |
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Conversion
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The transformation of a psychical impulse into a somatic disturbance
• E.g., a conflict between an aggressive impulse and opposing forces is converted into a physical symptom such as paralysis, blindness, or deafness. – Kimberly and Shane on “Days of Our Lives” • The symptom is a symbolic expression of a compromise between the unacceptable and the anti-cathesis forces |
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Isolation
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The unacceptable impulse reaches consciousness but it is derived of its feeling
– The impulse has been decathected |
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Reaction formation
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The replacement of the forbidden impulse by replacing it with its opposite.
• E.g., “Killing a person with kindness |
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Undoing
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The unacceptable impulse is expressed or acted out by some actions, and the prohibitive forces make up or “undo” the previously intended destruction
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Projection
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• An impulse that is unacceptable within the self is attributed to someone else.
• E.g., “Lounge Lizard” Larry saddles up to a young woman and says to her, “You want me. |
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Freudian Neurogenesis
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The processes involved in the causation of neurosis
• Neurosis is regressive phenomena, that is, they arise from depending on more primitive forms of behavior • Neuroses may be defined by two factors – The chief ego-defense that it utilizes – The level of psychosexual development that seems to have produced the greatest problem for an individual |
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The concept of fixation:
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- As you progress through each stages you either fully develop of have some sort of problem, it is that problem that you will return to in adulthood
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Erikson's psychosocial stages:
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1.Ego Integrity versus Ego Despair
2.Generativity versus Stagnation 3.Intimacy versus Isolation 4.Industry versus Inferiority 5.Role Identity versus Role Confusion 6.Initiative versus Guilt 7.Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt 8.Trust versus Mistrust |
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epigenetic principle
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Epigenetic principle – Each stage is inherent in the human organism and each stage has its predetermined time of ascendancy
– The issue represented by each stage is omnipresent. – However, there is a specific timing to when each issue will monopolize the person’s psychological development. – Genetic programming of this stage ascendancy |
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describe how the epigenetic principle has a reciprocal relationship with the social structure
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These genetic predispositions foster certain types of social and nonsocial environmental interactions
– Societies are free to vary in social structure within a pre-determined range – The social structure will have great influence in determining the specific nature of the social interactions and the stage’s resolutions. However, the biological propensities of the person will determine: – The overall nature of social interaction and stage resolution – The sequence and rate of these interactions and resolutions • This suggests a mutual coordination of the developing personality and the social structure |
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To compare and contrast Hartmann’s concept of ego with Freud’s concept of
Ego |
Disagrees with Freud that all ego functions are defensive
• Ego functions are viewed as biological processes that enable people to master the various developmental tasks which confronts a person • These ego processes have primary autonomy because they are not dependent of the libidinal drives or conflict. – Ego processes are not powered by the id, but rather has its own energy source making it independent of the id |
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Mahler's psychological birth
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Psychological birth: the child becomes an individual separate from his or her primary caregiver
– This accomplishment leads ultimately to a sense of identity • Three major stages of development – Four substages |
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stages of psychological birth
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1. Normal autism
2. Normal Symbiosis 3. Seperation- Individualization |
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Normal autism
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Age: Birth to 4 weeks
• Description: A neonate has a sense of omnipotence because the neonate’s needs are cared for automatically. – There is no expenditure of energy by the infant – The infant is unaware of any other person |
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Normal symbiosis
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• Age: 4 weeks to 5 months
• Description: As infants gradually realize that they cannot satisfy their own needs, they begin to recognize their primary caregiver and start to seek a symbiotic relationship with her. |
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Seperation Individuation
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Age: 5 to 36 months
• Description: Children become psychologically separate from their caregivers, achieve a sense of individuation, and begin to develop feelings of personal identity |
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1. Differentiation
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Age: 5 to 10 weeks
• Description: This stage is marked by a bodily breaking away from the mother infant symbiotic orbit. – Infants will have a bond with the caregiver |
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2. Practicing
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Age: 10 to 16 weeks
• Description: Children easily distinguish their body from their caregiver’s body, establish a specific bond with their caregiver, and begin to develop an autonomous ego. – They investigate the world while trying to maintain contact with caregiver |
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3. Rapprochement
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Age: 16 to 25 months
• Description: Children desire to bring their mother and themselves back together, both physically and psychologically. – High levels of separation anxiety |
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4. Libidinal object constancy
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• Age: 36 months
• Description: Children will have developed a constant inner representation of their caregiver so that they can tolerate being physically separate from her. |
