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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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At least two of what areas must be enduringly problematic?
(Personality Disorder) |
-Cognition (i.e., ways of interpreting self, others, and events)
- Affectivity (i.e., range, intensity, lability, appropriateness of response) - Interpersonal functioning - Impulse Control |
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What is a negative consequences of diagnosing an individual with a Personality Disorder?
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There is a strong stigma attached, therefore, it is critical to consider functional significance and impairment.
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What five factors are included in the Five-Factor Model (FFM) (within the NEO-PI-R).
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1. Neuroticism
2. Extraversion 3. Openness to experience 4. Agreeableness 5. Conscientiousness |
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What facets are included in the Neuroticsm Trait?
(FFM) |
Anxiousness, Angry Hostility, Depression, Self-Consciousness, Impulsiveness, Vulnerability.
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What facets are included in the Extraversion Trait?
(FFM) |
Warmth, Gregariousness (sociable), Assertiveness, Activity, Excitement Seeking, Positive Emotions
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What facets are included in the Openness to Experience Trait?
(FFM) |
Fantasy, Aesthetic, Feelings, Actions, Ideas, Values.
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What facets are included in the Agreeableness Trait?
(FFM) |
Trust, Straightforwardness, Altruism, Compliance, Modesty, Tendermindedness.
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What facets are included in the Conscientiousness Trait?
(FFM) |
Competence, Order, Dutifulness, Achievement Striving, Self-Discipline, Deliberation.
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What is the best way to assess a Personality Disorder diagnosis?
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Incorporating dimensional models such as the FFM into the traditional categorical DSM system.
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Cluster A includes...
(Personality Disorders) |
Odd and eccentric
- Paranoid - Schizoid - Schizotypal |
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Which cluster of Personality Disorders is most associated with Axis 1 diagnoses of psychosis?
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Cluster A: Odd and Eccentric
- Paranoid - Schizoid - Schizotypal |
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What distinguishes Cluster A Personality Disorders from the Schizophrenia Spectrum Axis 1 disorders?
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Axis 1 disorders have more sever social withdrawal and maladjustment and Cluster A PDs have odd or novel ideation and decreased levels of conscientiousness.
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Paranoid Personality Disorder
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An individual who expects harm and is on a mission to detect evidence of impending attacks, without sufficient basis or by ignoring logical alternatives.
Behavioral: Vigilance Intrapsychic: Overwhelming Fear Interpersonal: Hostility |
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How would one with Paranoid Personality Disorder typically score on the NEO-PI-R five-factor model of personality?
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-high levels on Neuroticism facet of Angry-Hostility
- low levels on the three Agreeableness facets of Trust, Straightforwardness, and Compliance. |
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What does the clinical presentation of an individual with Paranoid Personality Disorder include?
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- Outstanding attention to detail
- Hypersensitivity to criticism - Refusal to confide in others - Every remark, action, and interaction is taken personally and resulting behaviors are seen as justified. - Reactive to individuals with authority - Internally fears physical harm and emotional mortification accompanied by feelings of shame and guilt that are defended against through denial and projection. - Overtly view themselves as righteous and mistreated. - Deny their own feelings of inferiority and vulnerability and project negative feelings on to others to decrease anxiety. - Often elicit hostility in others that confirms their suspicions of malice and critical intent. |
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Etiology of Paranoid Personality Disorder includes...
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- enviromental responses of criticism, blame, and hostility.
- mistreatment by caregivers who may have been sadistic, degrading, or humiliating, imposing the belief that the individual is bad. - Process begins in infancy, impairing ability to trust and instilling the belief that relationships result in criticism and abuse and leading to anxious withdrawal that is later compensated for with rage and protecting behaviors. - research investigating possible biological factors. |
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Schizoid Personality Disorder
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Pervasively disinterested and detached from all relationships. Stable and long duration starting at least in adolescence or early adulthood.
Behavioral: The bland and lethargic loner Intrapsychic: Comfort with emptiness Interpersonal: The lover of distance |
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At least four of which characteristics must be met for a diagnosis of Schizoid Personality Disorder?
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-neither desires nor enjoys close relationships (including family)
- chooses solitary activities - Has little interest in sex - takes little pleeasure in any activities - lacks friends or confidants - is indifferent to praise or criticism - displays emotional detachment or flattened affect. |
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How would an individual with Schizoid Personality Disorder typically score on the NEO-PI-R five-factor model of personality?
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- Low levels on the Openness facet of Feelings
- Low levels on the three Extraversion facets of Warmth, Gregariousness, and Positive Emotions. |
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How does Schizoid Personality Disorder differ from Antisocial Personality Disorder?
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Those with SPD reflect an unemotional demeanor whereas those with Antisocial Personality Disorder are seen as being cold. Schizoid individuals are not interested in relationships and experience no distress about being alone.
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Etiology of Paranoid Personality Disorder includes...
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- enviromental responses of criticism, blame, and hostility.
- mistreatment by caregivers who may have been sadistic, degrading, or humiliating, imposing the belief that the individual is bad. - Process begins in infancy, impairing ability to trust and instilling the belief that relationships result in criticism and abuse and leading to anxious withdrawal that is later compensated for with rage and protecting behaviors. - research investigating possible biological factors. |
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Schizoid Personality Disorder
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Pervasively disinterested and detached from all relationships. Stable and long duration starting at least in adolescence or early adulthood.
Behavioral: The bland and lethargic loner Intrapsychic: Comfort with emptiness Interpersonal: The lover of distance |
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At least four of which characteristics must be met for a diagnosis of Schizoid Personality Disorder?
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-neither desires nor enjoys close relationships (including family)
- chooses solitary activities - Has little interest in sex - takes little pleeasure in any activities - lacks friends or confidants - is indifferent to praise or criticism - displays emotional detachment or flattened affect. |
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How would an individual with Schizoid Personality Disorder typically score on the NEO-PI-R five-factor model of personality?
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- Low levels on the Openness facet of Feelings
- Low levels on the three Extraversion facets of Warmth, Gregariousness, and Positive Emotions. |
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How does Schizoid Personality Disorder differ from Antisocial Personality Disorder?
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Those with SPD reflect an unemotional demeanor whereas those with Antisocial Personality Disorder are seen as being cold. Schizoid individuals are not interested in relationships and experience no distress about being alone.
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Etiology of Schizoid Personality Disorder
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-Research suggests a link between etiological aspects of SPD and etiological aspects of Aspergers, Autism, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder NOS.
- Biological predisposition is believed to contribute - Environmental factors may include rigid, unemotional responsiveness; indifference; and fragmented communication patterns, and undersocialization, poor coping and interpersonal skills. |
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Schizotypal Personality Disorder
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Odd or peculiar beliefs, appearance, or demeanor accompanied by social anxiety from paranoid fears independent of an Axis 1 psychosis diagnosis.
Behavioral: Eccentricities Intrapsychic: Odd beliefs and unusual perceptions Interpersonal: Suspicious and apprehensive |
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Five or more of what characteristics are needed for a diagnosis of Schizotypal Personality Disorder?
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- Ideas of reference
- magical thinking - unusual perceptual experiences - odd thinking or speech - suspiciousness - inappropriate or constricted affect - behavior or appearance that is odd or peculiar - lack of close friends other than family - excessive social anxiety associated with paranoid fears rather than negative evaluation of self. |
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How would an individual with Schizotypal Personality Disorder typically score on the NEO-PI-R five-factor model of personality?
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-high levels of the Neuroticism facets of Anxiety and Self-consciousness
-high levels of the Openness facets of Fantasy, Actions, and Ideas -low levels of the Extraversion facets of Warmth, Gregariousness, and positive Emotions -low levels of the Agreeableness facet of Trust. |
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Clinical presentation of an individual with Schizotypal Personality Disorder may include...
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-erratic or bizarre manner
- peculiar speech that is overelaborate or vague - ruminative or cognitive slippage that is not incoherent - unusual perceptual experiences that do not meet threshold for psychosis - other unusual experiences such as superstitiousness, telepathy, or clairvoyance - emotions may be inappropriate or constricted - may frequently believe they are responsible for external situations when they are not |
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How does Schizotypal Personality Disorder differentiate from Avoidant Personality Disorder?
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Social anxiety in STPD is characterized by the presence of paranoid fears and suspiciousness, unlike the negative self-appraisals that characterize APD.
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How does Schizotypal Personality Disorder differentiate from Schizoid Personality Disorder?
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The person with STPD is likely to be a loner like the individual with Schizoid PD, however, they do not possess the indifference to criticism or praise exhibited by the Schizoid personality.
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What does the etiology of Schizotypal Personality Disorder include?
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- a familial predisposition is believed to link STPD to schizophrenic spectrum disorders.
- Horowitz (2004) suggests oddities in kids with STPD are reinforced when they are rejected by others, increasing social anxiety and suspicion. - abuse and limited formulations of reality in childhood leading to adult claiming an ability of knowing or controlling events combined with paranoid withdrawal from others has been hypothesized. - Lack of emotional intimacy or warmth in infancy leading to hindered development with punitive criticism, fragmented communications, and humiliation by peers has also been hypothesized. |
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Cluster B includes...
(Personality Disorders) |
Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic
Antisocial, Borderline, histrionic, Narcissitic. -Characterized by impulsivity, lack of self-control, and substance abuse. |
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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The control or manipulation of others without remorse, shame, or regard for the rights or feelings of others that begins in early childhood or early adolescence.
Behavioral: Aggressive and controlling Intrapsychic: Focus on one's own needs. Interpersonal: Manipulation through charm, deceit or coercion. |
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Three or more of the which characteristics are need for the diagnosis or Antisocial Personality Disorder?
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-failure to conform to social norms by repeatedly performing unlawful acts
- deceitfulness - impulsivity - aggressiveness -reckless disregard for safety of self or others irresponsibility in work behavior or financial obligations -lack of remorse *only PD that requires childhood history of conduct disorder* (Prior to age 15 indicated as conduct disorder) |
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How would an individual with Antisocial Personality Disorder typically score on the NEO-PI-R five-factor model of personality?
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-high levels on the Extraversion facets of Angry-Hostility and Excitement-Seeking
-low levels on the Agreeableness facets of Straightforwardness, Altruism, Compliance, and Tendermindedness -low levels on the Conscientiousness facets of Dutifulness, Self-Discipline, and Deliberation |
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Clinical Presentation of Antisocial Personality Disorder may include...
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breaking laws, taking risks, seeking excitement and sensation, recklessness, impulsiveness, unresponsible, difficulty maintaining long term and monogamous relationships, superficial charm, possible criminal history.
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Possible developmental etiology of Antisocial Personality Disorder include...
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-Parental hostility, deficient adult role models, and reinforcement of vindictive behaviors.
- Abuse, harsh and neglectful caregiving - Normatvie peer rejection, involvement in deviant peer groups |
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Cluster B includes...
(Personality Disorders) |
Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic
Antisocial, Borderline, histrionic, Narcissitic. -Characterized by impulsivity, lack of self-control, and substance abuse. |
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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The control or manipulation of others without remorse, shame, or regard for the rights or feelings of others that begins in early childhood or early adolescence.
Behavioral: Aggressive and controlling Intrapsychic: Focus on one's own needs. Interpersonal: Manipulation through charm, deceit or coercion. |
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Three or more of the which characteristics are need for the diagnosis or Antisocial Personality Disorder?
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-failure to conform to social norms by repeatedly performing unlawful acts
- deceitfulness - impulsivity - aggressiveness -reckless disregard for safety of self or others irresponsibility in work behavior or financial obligations -lack of remorse *only PD that requires childhood history of conduct disorder* (Prior to age 15 indicated as conduct disorder) |
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How would an individual with Antisocial Personality Disorder typically score on the NEO-PI-R five-factor model of personality?
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-high levels on the Extraversion facets of Angry-Hostility and Excitement-Seeking
-low levels on the Agreeableness facets of Straightforwardness, Altruism, Compliance, and Tendermindedness -low levels on the Conscientiousness facets of Dutifulness, Self-Discipline, and Deliberation |
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Clinical Presentation of Antisocial Personality Disorder may include...
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breaking laws, taking risks, seeking excitement and sensation, recklessness, impulsiveness, unresponsible, difficulty maintaining long term and monogamous relationships, superficial charm, possible criminal history.
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Cluster B includes...
(Personality Disorders) |
Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic
Antisocial, Borderline, histrionic, Narcissitic. -Characterized by impulsivity, lack of self-control, and substance abuse. |
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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The control or manipulation of others without remorse, shame, or regard for the rights or feelings of others that begins in early childhood or early adolescence.
Behavioral: Aggressive and controlling Intrapsychic: Focus on one's own needs. Interpersonal: Manipulation through charm, deceit or coercion. |
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Three or more of the which characteristics are need for the diagnosis or Antisocial Personality Disorder?
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-failure to conform to social norms by repeatedly performing unlawful acts
- deceitfulness - impulsivity - aggressiveness -reckless disregard for safety of self or others irresponsibility in work behavior or financial obligations -lack of remorse *only PD that requires childhood history of conduct disorder* (Prior to age 15 indicated as conduct disorder) |
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How would an individual with Antisocial Personality Disorder typically score on the NEO-PI-R five-factor model of personality?
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-high levels on the Extraversion facets of Angry-Hostility and Excitement-Seeking
-low levels on the Agreeableness facets of Straightforwardness, Altruism, Compliance, and Tendermindedness -low levels on the Conscientiousness facets of Dutifulness, Self-Discipline, and Deliberation |
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Clinical Presentation of Antisocial Personality Disorder may include...
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breaking laws, taking risks, seeking excitement and sensation, recklessness, impulsiveness, unresponsible, difficulty maintaining long term and monogamous relationships, superficial charm, possible criminal history.
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Cluster B includes...
(Personality Disorders) |
Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic
Antisocial, Borderline, histrionic, Narcissitic. -Characterized by impulsivity, lack of self-control, and substance abuse. |
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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The control or manipulation of others without remorse, shame, or regard for the rights or feelings of others that begins in early childhood or early adolescence.
Behavioral: Aggressive and controlling Intrapsychic: Focus on one's own needs. Interpersonal: Manipulation through charm, deceit or coercion. |
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Three or more of the which characteristics are included in the diagnosis or Antisocial Personality Disorder?
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-failure to conform to social norms by repeatedly performing unlawful acts
- deceitfulness - impulsivity - aggressiveness -reckless disregard for safety of self or others irresponsibility in work behavior or financial obligations -lack of remorse *likely childhood history of conduct disorder* (Prior to age 15 indicated as conduct disorder) |
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How would an individual with Antisocial Personality Disorder typically score on the NEO-PI-R five-factor model of personality?
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-high levels on the Extraversion facets of Angry-Hostility and Excitement-Seeking
-low levels on the Agreeableness facets of Straightforwardness, Altruism, Compliance, and Tendermindedness -low levels on the Conscientiousness facets of Dutifulness, Self-Discipline, and Deliberation |
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Clinical Presentation of Antisocial Personality Disorder may include...
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breaking laws, taking risks, seeking excitement and sensation, recklessness, impulsiveness, unresponsible, difficulty maintaining long term and monogamous relationships, superficial charm, possible criminal history.
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What are possible developmental explanations for the etiology of Antisocial Personality Disorder?
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- hostile caregivers, deficient adult role models, and reinforcement of vindictive behaviors.
- childhood abuse, harsh and neglectful caregiving - rejection by normative peer group, involvement in deviant peer groups. |
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Borderline Personality Disorder
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Instability in affect and identity accompanied by fears of rejection or abandonment by others.
Behavioral: Impulsively self-damaging Intrapsychic: Emptiness and anger Interpersonal: Excessive reactivity to real or imagined abandonment |
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Five or more of what characteristics must be present to give a diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder?
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-Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment
-unstable and intense relationships that alternate between extreme idealization and devaluation -unstable and intene relationshiops that alternate between extreme idealization and devaluation -persistent unstable self-image -impulsivity in at least two areas that are self-damaging -recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, threats, or mutilation -affective instability chronic emptiness inappropriate or intense anger transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or dissociative symptoms |
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How would an individual with Borderline Personality Disorder typically score on the NEO-PI-R five-factor model of personality?
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-high levels on the Neuroticism facets of Anxiety, Angry-Hostility, Depression, Impulsiveness, and Vulnerability
-low levels on the Agreeableness facets of Trust and Compliance -low levels on the Conscientiousness facet of Competence |
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Clinical presentation of Borderline Personality Disorder includes...
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-when faced with being alone, expereinces emptiness, abandonment, or rejection.
- low self-esteem - moods shifts from euthymic to dysphoric easily triggered, particuarlly interpersonally in relation to abandonment or rejection. - cognitively rigid, abstract, dichotomous thinkers who believe they are powerless to change circumstances -prone to dissociation and paranoid ideation when stressed - perceived rejection may be followed by reckless behaviors including suicidal gestures, mutilation, substance abuse, shopping sprees, sex... -aggression, possibly in response to frusteration - |
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Histrionic Personality Disorder
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Vague and dramatic presentation that elicits attention and caregiving.
(the drama queen) Behavioral: Seductive and capricious (impulsive) Intrapsychic: Shallow and impressionistic Interpersonal: Social butterfly |
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Five or more of what characteristics are included in the diagnosis for Histrionic Personality Disorder?
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-feeling discomfort and unappreciated when not the center of attention
-interactions that utilize inappropriate seductive or provocative behaviors -superficial and rapidly changing expression of emotion -using one's physical appearance to attract and maintain others' attention -a style of speech that is excessively impressionistic and lacking in detail -dramatic, theatrical, or exaggerated expressions of emotion -suggestible -a tendency to consider relationships as more intimate than they actually are. |
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How would an individual with Histrionic Personality Disorder typically score on the NEO-PI-R five-factor model of personality?
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-high levels on the Neuroticism facets of Depression and Self-Consciousness
-high levels on the Extraversion facets of Warmth, Gregariousness, Excitement-Seeking, and Positive Emotions -High levels on the Openness facets of Fantasy and Feelings -High levels on the Agreeableness facet of Trust |
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder
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The use of grandiosity, entitlement, or exploitation to maintain self-esteem.
Behavior: Arrogance and superiority Intrapsychic: Anger, shame, and envy Interpersonal: Lack of empathy |
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Five or more of the following characteristics are included in the diagnosis of Narcissistic Personality Disorder...
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-a grandiose sense of self-importance
-preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited success, power, beauty, intellect, or ideal love -believes self is special and unique so can only be understood by or associated with other special or high-statues people -requires excessive admiration -has a sense of entitlement -is interpersonally exploitative -lacks empathy -is envious of others or believes others are envious of them -shows arrogant, haughty attitudes or behaviors |
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How would an individual with Narcissistic Personality Disorder would typically score on the NEO-PI-R five-factor model of personality?
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-high levels on the Neuroticism facets of Angry-Hostility and Self-Consciousness
-high levels on the Openness facet of Fantasy -high levels on the Conscientiousness facet of Achievement Striving -low levels on the Agreeableness facets of Altruism, Modesty, and Tendermindedness |
