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Behavior Therapy view of maladjustment
learned through interactions btw people and environment.
Individuals learn faulty coping patterns that persist due to reinforcement.
Contrast psychoanalysis view of abnormal behavior and behaviorist view
psychoanalytic consider the sx as manifestations of a disorder

behaviorists consider sx to be the problem
Is behavioral therapy effective?
For what maladaptive conditions or organic conditions
Yes success with certain issues.

Phobias, impulse control and personal maintenance for people with mental retardation & hospitalized psychotics.
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Approach
Tries to change and restructure patient's disorted and/or irrational thoughts
Beck's Cognitive Therapy for Depression Approach
1. Write down negative thoughts about self
2. Figure out why thoughts are not justified
3. Devise more realistic, less destructive cognitions.
Contrast of Behavioral Therapeutic Approaches w/Psychoanalytical and Define Sx Substitution
1. Psychoanalysts do not believe that sx relief is adequate for therapy. Cause is still present.
2. Sx substitution: New sx will replace old ones.
Humanism Focus of Personality Development and Define Term Humanistic
1. Phenomenological theorists emphasize internal processes vs. overt behavior.
2. Humanistic: Focus is on that which is different from animals.
Explain Similarities Btw Other Theories and Core Common Concepts
1. Phenomenology concepts similar to existential theorists.
2. Existential psychology is phenomenological analysis
3. Gestalt theory of personality linked to both existential and humanistic.
4. All related to holistic view of self.
Humanism Personality Development: Leading Theorist: Define Position
Theorist Influenced By?
1. Kurt Lewin: Field theory.
2. Focus is not on constraints of personalities; fixed traits, habits, Freudian structures.
3. Personality dynamic, changes.
4. Gestalt Psych. Influence
Kurt Lewin: Theory Influenced By?
How is Personality Divided?
These Divisions are Called?
Personality Development Under Optimal Conditions vs. Tension Development Occurs in These Ways.
2. Personality is divided up dynamically into constantly changing regions.
3. Regions are called systems.
4. Optimal conditions, regions w/in personality, well articulated; function in integrated fashion.
5. Tension or anxiety, articulation btw regions is diffused.
How Do Other Humanistic Theorists (2) Which Resemble Lewins Field Theories?
1. Rogers and Allport.
2. Both stressed more current behaviors, thought processes.
3. Here and now vs. past
Humanistic Theorist Personality Development
Abraham Maslow is Known For
Describe Maslow's Theory
1. Known for hierarchy of human motives and self actualization.
2. Needs organized in hierarchy ascending from basic needs to complex psycho. needs.
3. People strive for higher needs, only when lower needs are met.
Describe Maslow's Levels of Hierarchical Needs: Low to High.
1. Lowest level of needs are physio and safety (food, shelter, etc.).
2. Belongingness & love needs.
3. Esteem needs.
4. Cognitive needs.
5. Aesthetic needs.
6. Self Actualization.
Define Maslow's Highest Level Need of Self-Actualization.
Refers to the need to realize one's fullest potential. Maslow believed that most people don't reach the level of self-actualization.
Name Maslow's Population of Study for Development of Actualization Theory.
What Are the Common Characteristics of Self-Actualizers?
1. Maslow studied individuals he identified as self-actualizers.
2. Beethoven, Eleanor Roosevelt.
3. Characteristics in common were; nonhostile sense of humor, originality, creativity, spontaneity, need for privacy.
Maslow Differentiated Btw. Non/Self-Actualizers w/this Term.
1. Peak experiences: Self-actualized people more likely to have profound/deeply moving experiences.
2. These experiences have a profound/lasting effect on person.
Humanistic Theorist
Personality Dev.
George Kelly
Population Under Study?
Hypothesized That Individual is a? Describe.
1. Studied himself.
2. Scientist; who devises/tests & predictions about behavior of others.
Kelly Contended people construct?
An anxious person finds difficulty?
Differs in What Way From Psychoanalysis?
1. Construct a scheme of anticipation developed from predictions, of others behavior; based on knowledge, perception and relationships.
2. Anxious person is having difficulty constructing/understanding variables.
3. Differs in that person is not a victim of inner-conflicts and damned up energy.
Kelly Viewed Psychotherapy As?
What is Acquired in Therapy?
1. A process of insight where client acquires new constructs which will allow for successful prediction w/problem situations.
2. Client can accomodate/assimilate new constructs into existing ones.
Humanistic-Existential Therapies
are a Process of Finding?
How are Mental Disorders Viewed?
Approaches of Humanistic Therapy?
1. Emphasize meaning in one's life by making personal choices for self.
2. Distorders stem from; problems of alienation, depresonalization, loneliness, lack of meaningful existence.
3. Facilitate exploration of client's thoughts/feel.
4. Empathy, understanding, affirmation, positive regard.
Humanistic Theory
Personality Development
Carl Rogers
Is His Theory Humanistic?
Known For?
1. Identified himself as a humanist but personality theory is phenomenological.
2. Psycholotherapy techniques; client-centered, person-centered, nondirective.
Rogers Belief About People That Guided His Theory?
Contrast Psychodynamic/Behaviorist
Rogers Views Client As Able?
1. People have freedom to control personal behavior.
2. Behavior is not determined.
3. Not bonded to unconsious
4. Not matter of faulty learning
5. Client is able to reflect upon problems, make choices, take pos. action, facilitate destiny.
Objective of Rogerian Therapy.
Rogers Facilitates this Climate?
1. Goal is to help client become willing/able to be true self
2. Develop congruency btw what the person thinks should be done (ideal self), and who the person actually is.
3. Climate of Unconditional Positive Regard provides the opportunity for goals of therapy to take place.
Humanist Nazi Survivor
Described Mental Illness as Resulting From?
1. Victor Frankl
2. Human search for meaning to existence.
3. Mental Illness stems from a life of meaninglessness
Humanistic Personality Developmental Theorists
1. Kurt Lewin: Field Theory
2. Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs.
3. George Kelly: Person as Scientist; Constructs
Humanistic-Exeistential Therapies: Theorists
1. Carl Rogers: Person Centered Therapy through Unconditional Positive Regard
2. Victor Frankl: Search for Meaning to Existence.
Trait/Type Theorists Define
Name
1. Characterize people according to specific types of personality.
2. Trait theorists attempt to ascertain the fundamental dimensions of personality.
3. Cattell: Factor Analysis; 16 traits.
4. Hans Eysenck; broad dimensions of personality were types.
5. Gordon Allport; trait theorist, three basic traits of disposition.
6. David McClelland; identified personality trait as need for acheivment.
7. Herman Witkin; drew a relationship btw personality and persception of world.
8. Julian Rotter; traits, external/internal locus of control.
9. Walter Mischel; critic, traits interact with environment.
Type A/Type B Personalities Characteristics.
Type A Demographic Charact.
1. Type theory divides personalities into two types.
2. Type A; behavior that is competitive and compulsive.
3. Prevelant in middle/upper-class men.
4. More prone to heart disease
5. Type B; laid back, relaxed.
Trait Theorist Utilized Factor Analysis to Devise Theory.
Goal/Identified
Define Traits
1. Raymond Cattell; to measure personality in a more comprehensive way.
2. Attempted to account for underlying factors that determine personality.
3. 16 basic traits.
4. Traits are relatively permanent reaction tendencies that constitute building blocks of personality.
Type Theorist Also Utilized Factor Analysis, Devised Personality as Types/Traits.
Used Scientific Methodology to Test Jung's Types.
Findings of Dimensions/Added
1. Hans Eyesnck. Through factor analysis determined personalities were broad type dimension, which were followed by more specific traits.
2. Tested Jung's Extroversion/Introversion Dimensions and found 2 Dimensions where personality differences.
3. Second dimension was emotional stability/neuroticism.
4. Added another dimension; psychoticism.
Trait Theorist: Dispositional Traits, Name Basic Types.
Explain Each.
1. Dispositional; cardinal, central, secondary.
2. Cardinal; traits which a person organizes life, like self sacrifiec
3. Not everyone develops cardinal traits; but they do develop central & secondary traits.
4. Central traits major characteristics of personality, easy to infer; honesty, hostility
5. Secondary traits personal characteristics that are limited in occurance
Describe the major part in Allport's theory.
Give Example.
What does this aspect of Allports theory allow for.
1. Functional Autonomy.
2. A given form or activity of behavior may become a goal in and of itself, regardless of its original reason for existence.
3. A hunter may hunt for food and continue doing so even when there is enough food.
4. May continue a behavior because it is enjoyable even though that was not the original goal for the behavior.
5. Allows for different motives of behavior and for the unique motives of the individual.
Allport differentiated between two types of approaches to personality. He adehered to?
Allport borrowed these terms?
Name these and describe.
1. Idiographic vs. nomothetic.
2. Borrowed terms from Windelband a German Philosopher.
3. Idiographic approach focused on groups of individuals and find the global commonalities.
4. Allport adhered to the idiographic approach.
5. Later substituted morphogenic for ideographic; dimensional for nomothetic.Type vs. trait?
Who identified the personality trait nAch?
What does this trait refer too?
Characteristics?
1. David McClelland
2. nAch = the need for achievement.
3. People who are rated high in nAch are concerned w/achievment, pride in accomplishments.
4. Avoid high risks, avoid risk of failing and low risks (easy wont generate sense of achievement).
5. Set realistic goals, do not strive toward goal that is unlikely to prove successful.
Trait/Type: Theorist who endeavored to draw relation btw individual's personality and perception of the world?
Classified people by this term.
Characteristics of these personalitiy types.
1. Herman Witkin
2. Classified people according to their degree of Field-Dependence.
3. Polarized typology (dimension).
4. One pole is capacity to make specific responses to perceived specific stimuli (field-independence).
5. Opposite pole, diffused response to a perceived mass of undifferentiated stimuli (field dependence).
According to Witkins Field-Dependence Theory, people who are field-dependent respond in what type of manner and why?
1. Highly field-dependent, more influenced by opinions of others.
2. Because they respond in a diffuse manner, not distinguishing separate ideas, or w/ability to distinguish personal ideas from others.
Type/Trait: This theorist worked w/Bandura.
Components of theory (2).
Define and name characteristics of each component.
Components are correlated with which other variable(s)?
1. Julian Rotter
2. Internal/External Locus of Control.
3. Internal; belief of control in destiny; attribute success to ability; have higher self-esteem.
4. External; belief outside events and chance control destiny; lower self esteem.
5. Relation btw Self esteem/locus of control
6. Relationship btw attribution of failure/self-esteem.
Outcome of relationship btw attribution of failure/self-esteem in both high/low locus of control
1. High self esteeem attribute failure to bad luck/task difficulty.
2. Failure to others (external) = high self esteem.
3. Success to abilities (internal) = high self esteem.
Personality Trait Defined as Manipulative or Deceitful.
Term is derived from this book.
Characteristics of trait.
Outcome; Give Examples.
1.Machiavellian
2. Niccolo Machiavelli's book, Ther Prince.
3. Score high, tend to agree w/statements; most people don't really know what is best for them; best way to handle people is to tell them what they want to hear; trust anyone else completely, asking for trouble.
4. High in Machiavellianism more successful manipulators than those low on Machiavel.
Trait/Type: Masculinity and femininity. Name theorist.
Scores on measures of m/f trait suggest this.
Name term for type.
1. Sandra Bem
2. Theory on gender identity is related to personality theory.
3. People can achieve high scores on m/f on personality inventories
4. Evidence that m/f must be 2 seperate dimensions.
5. Androgyny state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine.
Name theorist who criticized trait/type theories.
Give reasons why.
1. Walter Mischel
2. Human behavior is largely determined by the situation vs. trait/type of person.
Understanding Mental Disorders.
Describe DSM-IV.
Not based on these two things.
Give example.
1. Classification system of mental disorders.
2. Not based on atheoretical descriptions of sx of disorders.
3. Ex. Neurosis is not a category of mental disorders.
4. Neurosis s a theoretical term derived from psychoanalytic theory.
DSM-IV contains how many diagnostic classes?
DSM is what type of system.
Within system how are client's assessed.
This system may help clincian form?
1. 16
2. Multiaxial assessment
3. Assessed on several different domains of information.
4. Form a tx plan
DSM-IV: Name and describe 5 axis of clinical assessment/diagnosis.
1. Axis I: List client's disorders w/exception of personality disorders & mental retardation.
2. Axis II: Personality and mental retardation
3. Axis II: Medical conditions that are relevant to understand/treat the client's mental disorder.
4. Axis IV: Psychosocial/environmental stresses tht may influence progression, tx, outcom of the diorders from Axis I.
5. Axis V: Clinicians judgment of the client's overall functioning level. Assessed by using a Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale from 0-100.
Name disorders first diagnosed in infancy/childhood/adolescents.
1. ADD/HD
2 Autistic Disorder
3. Tourette's Disorder.
Define ADD/HD characteristics.
Name most difficulty situatons.
1. Developmentally atypical inattention and/or impusivity-hyperactivity.
2. Difficulty staying on task w/organizing tasks.
3. Unable to follow directions.
4. Group situations are most difficulty.
Hyperactivity as a component of ADD/HD; define.
Impulsivity; define.
Age of onset; age of diagnosis.
Prevelancy rates m/f.
Sx. during adolescence?
1. Hyperactivity manifest in motor activity, excessive running, climbing, fidgeting, restlessness.
2. Impulsivity; manifest in lack of ability to delay gratificaton, impatience, interrupting others.
3. Typically occurs by age 3.
4. Average age diagnosed is when child begins school.
5. 3-5% school children experience sx.
6.Higher rate in males vs. fem.
7. Adolescence Sx. weaken/diminish.
Autistic Disorder Characteristics.
Prevelancy rates.
Normal adulthood outcome?
1. Lack of responsiveness to others (impairment in social skills), grosee impairment in communication skills, repetitive behaviors.
2. inflexibly routined/stereotyped.
3. Inaffection, lack of eye contact, low affect.
4. Impairment in lang. skills, both receptive and expressive.
5. oversensitive to sensory stimuli; lights sound color order touch.
6. Prevelancy, 2 to 5 out of 10,000 individuals.
7. Autonomy in adulthood is not likely due to lack of adequate social adjustments.
Tourette's Disorder
Type of disorder
Characteristics
Manifestation of sx.
Duration
Prevelancy rates
1. Tic Disorder
2. multiple moter tics (eye blinking skipping, deep knee bends), one or more vocal tics (grunts, bark, sniff, snort, obscentities).
3. Tics sudden, recurrent, stereotyped.
4. Disorder lasts lifetime, but remission is possible
5. Prevelancy 4-5 out of 10,000.
Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
History
Theorist who coined term Schizophrenia.
Term means?
1. Eugen Bleuler, 1911.
2. Prior to Bleuler, was called dementia praecox.
3. Schizophrenia = split mind; disorder is characterized by gross distoritons of reality and disturbances in the content and form of thought, perception, and affect.
4. Split mind= mind is split off from reality, not into different personalities.
1. Features needed to diagnose schizophrenia.
2. Divided into two types.
3. Sx. include.
4. First type has two distinct
dimensions.
5.Characteristics of second.
1. No single feature needs to be present to diagnose schizo; person may have any or all of the following sx; delusions, halluiantions, disorganized thought, inappropriate affect, catatonic behavior.
2. Positive/Neg. sx.
3. Positive = behaviors, thoughts, or affects added to normal behavior. Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speed, disorganized/catatonic behavior.
3. Positive = psychotic/disorganized.
4. Negaitve sx = sx that involve the absence of normal or desired behavior. Flat affect, blunted emotions.
Delusions define
Delusions of reference, persecution, granduer, though broadcasting, though insertion describe characteristics.
1. False beliefs, discordant w/reality, maintained in spite of strong evidence to contrary.
2. Del. Ref = belief of an individual that others are talking about him. May believe that normal things are directed at him.
3. Persecution = belief tht deliberately threatened, interfered w, discriminated against.
4. Granduer, he or she is a remarkable person like Jesus.
5. Thought broad; belief that thoughts are broadcaset directly fron head to external world.
6. Thought Insertion; belief that thoughts are inserted into head.
Hallucinatons, define.
These occur in which sensory systems?
Most common sensory mode?
1. Perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but ahve a compelling sense of reality.
2. All sensory modalities.
3. Most common is auditory, involving voices that the individual perceivs as coming from outside head
Disorganized Thought characterization.
Another word that describes this sx.
Person w/schizophrenia may do what with words?
Term to describe this sx.
1. Loosening of associations.
2. May be exhibited as speech ideas shif from one subject to another on unrelated subjects in such a way that listener unable to follow the train of thought. Like words thrown together, incomprehensibly.
3. Word salad
4. Invent new words.
5. Neologisms.
Common characteristic of schizophrenia? Name and describe 3 types of this characteristic.
Difficulty in assessment of affective sx.
1. Disturbance of affect or the expression of emotion.
2. Blunting, severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression.
3. Flat affect; no signs of affective expression
4. Inappropriate affect; clearly discordant w/the content of speech or ideation.
5. Antipsychotic meds make it difficult as these frequently blunt/flatten affect too.
Catatonic motor behavior.
Describe two extremes.
1. Various extreme behavior characteristic of some.
2. Spontaneioius movement/activity may be greatly reduced/rigid posture, refusing to be moved.
3. Other extreme, may include useless and bizarre movements not caused by external stimuli.
Prior to onset of Schizophrenia often this takes place.
Sx of this phase.
After this phase follows this next phase.
1. Prodromal Phase
2. Phase characterized by poor adjustment.
3. Clear evidence of deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect, unusual experiences.
4. Next follows active phase.
Two types of development of schizo.
Prognosis of two types
Five DSM-V subtypes
All subtypes share sx.
Differentiate in these sx.
.
1. Process Schizo = slow/insidious; recovery is especially poor.
2. Reactive Schizo = intense and sudden; prognosis for recovery is better.
3. Five subtypes = catatonic, paranoid, disorganized, undifferentiated, residual.
4. All types of schozo. so share core sx.
5. Primary sx differentiate amongst subtypes
Catatonic primary sx.
Two polarized extremes of sx.
Paranoid primary sx.
Describe two types of sx.
Effect on think/emotions.
1. Catatonic = disturbance in motor behavior.
2. Alternation btw extreme withdrawal of behavior (no movement, maintenance of a peculiar position for hrs/days and excitement or excessive movement.
3. Paranoid preoccupation with one or more delusions or frequent auditory hallucinations.
4. Relative preservatioin of cognitive and affective functioning.
Disorganized
Former name for this type
Undifferentiated
Residual
Sx. present and not present.
1. Disorganized = flat or inappropriate affect and disorganized speech/behavior.
2. Prior hebephrenic schizo.
3. Undiffer = general criteria for the other catagories are not met.
4. Residual = previous schizo episode, but pos. psychotic sx not currrently displayed.
5. Pts. may still show disturbances and often neg. sx.
Etiology of Schizophrenia.
Leading explanation for disease.
Explain process of hypothesis.
Describe variant hypothesis
Evidence for this hypothesis.
1. Remains unclear
2. Leading biochemical explanation is dopamine hypothesis.
3. Dopamine, neurotransmitter; delusions, hallucinations and agitation, arise from an excess of dopamine activity at certain sites in the brain.
4. Amount of DA is normal but oversensitivity to DA exists so there are too many DA receptors.
5. Support for DA hypothesis comes from effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs.
Double-blind hypothesis of schizophrenia.
Support for hypothesis.
1. child, person received contradictory/incompatible message from mother.
2. Child feels anxious torn btw messages, disorganized messages become internalized.
3. From that point child views perceptions of reality as unreliable.
4. Not widely supported.
5. Research does suggest that Faulty family communication may play some role in explaining the origins of some forms of schizo.
Mood Disorders
1. MDD
2. Bipolar disorders I/II
3. Dysthymic/cyclothymic
MDD Essential Features
SX
Diagnosis
Risk for death.
1. At least one major depressive episode.
2. At least a two-week period during which prominent and relatively persistent dpressed mood, or loss of interest in all or most activities.
2. Appetite disturb., substantial weight change, sleep problems, decrease energy, worthlessness or excessive guilt (sometimes delusional), difficulty concentration/thinking, thoughts of death or attempted suicide.
3. Diagnosis, SX must cause significant distress and/or impairment in functioning.
4. 15% of MDD die by suicide.
Bipolar Disorder
Characterized by two extremes
1. Depression and Mania
2. Manic; abnormal persistant elevated mood, accompanied by decreased need for sleep.
3. Flight of ideas, increase self esteem. Judnment is impaired other behavioral restrats lower.
4. Impatient w/attempts to restrain behaviors.
Manic episodes vs. depressive
1. Manic episodes have aa rapid onset and briefer duration than depressive episodes.
Bipolar I vs. Bipolar II
Definining feature of Bipolar II
1. Biploar I has manic episodes.
2. Bipolar II has hypomania.
3. Hypomania doesn't significantly impair functioning.
4. Psychotic features are absent.
5. Person is more energetic and optimistic.
Dysthymic and cyclothymic
1. Do not meet criterion for MDD or bipolar disorders.
2. Characterized by similar less severe sx.
Etiologies for mood disorders.
Neurotransmitter explanation and define purpose of NT.
1. Proposals range from genetic to sociocultural factors.
2. NT. chemicals that help neurons communicate w/each other.
NT implicated in mood disorders are linked to this theory of depression; explain process.
1. Norepinephrine and Seratonin.
2. Linked to monoamine theory of depression.
3. Also called Catecholamine theory of depression.
4. Too much NE and seratonin leads to mania, too little depression.
Anxiety disorders.
Phobia
DSM classifies phobias as?
1. An irrational fear of something that results in a compelling desire to avoid it.
2. Specific Phobias.
Specific phobia.
Claustrophobia.
Agoraphobia
1. One in which anxiety is procuded by a specific object or situation.
2. irrational fear of closed places.
3. Fear of being in open places/situations where escape might be difficult.
4. Tend to be uncomfortable going outside the house.
Social Phobia
1. Anxiety that is due to social situations.
2. Persistant fear when eposed to social/performance situations that may result in embarrassment.
OCD.
1. Repeated Obsessions (persistent irrational thoughts) 2. These produce tensions and/or compulsions (irrational and repetitive impulses to perform certain acts) that cause significant impairment.
Distinguish btw Obsession/Compulsion
1. Obsessions are thoughts
2. Compulsions are behaviors
3. Ex. Obsess about dirt and then compulsively wash hands.
4. Washing hands neutralizes the anxiety produced by the obsession.
Somatoform Disorders
1. Involve presence of physical sx that suggest a medical condition.
2. Sx is not fully explaine by medical condition
3. Really believes that the condition exists and is not faking.
Conversion Disorder? was historically referred to as/
1. Unexplained sx affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions.
2. Paralysis w/no neurological damage; blindness, no damage to visual system.
3. Hysteria.
Hypochondriasis
1. Preoccupation w/fear that he/she is afflicted w/serious disease.
2. Fears based on misinterpretation of one or more bodily signs, sx.
3. Fears continue after medical exam proves disease is non existent.
Dissociative Disorders.
1. Person avoids stress by dissociating or escaping from identity.
2. Besides this, person has an intact sense of reality.
Dissociative Amnesia
Explain Qualifier.
1. Inability to recall past exper.
2. Qualifier "dissociative" means that amnesia is not due to neurological disorder
Dissociative Fugue
1. Amnesia, accompanied by a sudden, unexpected move away from ones home or location of daily activities.
2. Confused about identity, may assume a new one.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Famous Cases
Etiology and prognosis.
1. Formely MPD; two or more personalities recurrently take control of person's behavior.
2. Sybil, 15 personalities; Truddi Chase, 92 personalities.
3. Pts. suffered from sever physical and/or sex abuse s child.
4. Therapy can integrate personalities into one again.
Depersonalization
1. Person feels detached, like outside observer of mental processes and/or behavior.
2. Person has intact sense of reality.
Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
Prevelence Rates
Risk of Death
1. Refusal to maintain a minimal normal body weight.
2. Distorted body image, sees as fat even when emanciated.
3. Amenorrhea present
4. 90% female
5. 10% of hospitalized, die from starvation, suicide, electrolyte imbalance.
Bulimia
Contrast w/anorexia
Prevelance
1. Binge-eating w/purging, fasting or excessive exercising.
2. Maintains a minimal normal body wt.
3. 90% female.
Personality disorders define
1. behavior is inflexible, maladaptive causing distress, impaired function, min 2 areas
2. cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning impulse control.
Personality disorders according to DSM; How many, name most common. Which was delete?
1. DSM lists 10
2. Schizoid, narcissistic, borderline, antisocial
3. Passive-aggressive, but is listed under; other conditions pot. focus of clinical attention.
Schizoid personality disorder.
Schizoid personality, not to be confused with?
1. Pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships, restricted range of emotional expression.
2. Lack desire for social interaction, few close friends, poor social skills. Not same as schizophrenia.
Narcissitic personalit disorder
1. Grandiose sense of self-importance, uniqueness, preoccupation w/fantasies fo success, exhibitionistic need for constant admiration/attention, characteristic disturbances in interpresonal relationships, s/a feelings of entitlement.
Contrast belief about narcissitic personality and reality of the manifistation of the personality disorder.
1. Everyday lang. referes to those who like self a lot.
2. People w/disorder have fragile self-esteem, concern w/perception of others.
3. Feelings of rage, inferiority, shame, humiliation, emptiness when not viewed favorably.
Borderline personality disorder.
Dual features
1. Behavior both personality disorders/more severe psychological disorders.
2. Pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood and self-image. Interpers. relation. intense, unstable.
Borderline identity issues and self-harm
1. Identity disturbance manifests due to uncertainty about self-image, sexual identity, long-term goals/values.
2. Intense fear abandon., suicide attempts, self-mutilation (cut, burn).
Anti-social personality disorder
What type of people have this disorder?
1. psychopathic/socipathic disorder.
2. Essential feature is patter of disregard for, violation of, rights of others.
3. Evidence, repeated illegal acts, deceitfulness, aggressiveness, lack of remorse. Serial killers, no guilt, imposters, career criminals.
Diathesis-Stress Model.
Answers why these various types of mental disorders occur.
1. Goal is not to only describe disorders, but to explain why.
2. Framework used to examine causes of mental disorders.
Define diathesis component of diathesis-stress model to explain mental illness and answer the question why these occur
1. Diathesis is a predisposition toward developing a specific disorder.
2. Genetic or anatomic abnormality, or biochemical disorder that predisposes person to mental ill.
Diathesis three predispositions to mental illness.
1. Genetic
2. Anatomic abnormality
3. Biochemical disorder.
Stress component in the diathesis stress model
1. Excessive stress operationg on a person w/predisposition (diathesis) may trigger development of specific mental disorder.
According to the diathesis-stress model, the interaction btw the two creates? Explain the what the causal factors do to trigger mental illness.
1. Individual whose brain is oversensitive to DA + experiences excessive stress may trigger schizophrenia.
2. Model reminds us that causal factors and biological/psych. level interact.
Primary prevention of mental illness.
Efforts to seek and eradicate conditions that forster mental illness and to establish conditions that foster mental health.
Example of primary prevention of mental illness. Primary prevention is this and not that. Primary prevention seeks to...?
1. Access to good prenatal/post care, providing training in psycosocial skill, promoting educational oportunities, train parents in child skills.
2. Proactive not reactive; seeks to stop mental ill before it begins not after it occurs.
Experiment of "mentally ill" label. Researcher, hypothesis.
1. David Rosenhan (1973).
2. Is it possible to be judged sane if in a psych. hospital.
DAvid Rosenhan (1973); methods; experimental design.
1. Rosenhan and 7 other sane people admit to psych hospitals, reported auditory hallucinations; Each was diagnose w/paranoid schizo or biopolar disorder.
2. After admiteed acted normal.
After admittance to hospital and acting normal what took place.
1. Normal activities interpreted as evidence of mental illness. Reported to be using defense mechanism, intellectualization.
2. Remained 3 wks, not one identified as sane.
Discharge diagnosis from pseudo-pts in the study. Results, application.
1. Paranoid schizo/ bipolar in remission.
2. Clinicians exercise care when judging normality/abnormality
3. Once labeled, doesn't go away; mental illness can be both feigned and misdiagnose.
Thomas Szasz is known for which phrase that titled his famous bood? He argues...?
1. The myth of mental illness.
2. Most disorders tx by clinicians are not illnesses.
If most of the disorders are not illnesses then what does Szasz claim that they are...? Which, forces individual to do this instead of that.
1. Traits or behaviors that differ from the cultural norm.
2. Labeling mentally ill is way to force change and conformity to societal norms vs. attacking the societal causes of persons problems.
Systems of Psychology
Titchener
Breaks consciousness into elements by using introspection
Systems
Dewey, James
Stream of consiousness; studies how mind functions to help people adapt to enviorn; attacted structuralism
Systems
Watson, Skinner
Psychology as objective study of behav.; attacked mentalism and the use of introspection; attacked structuralism and functionalism
Systems
Wertheimer, Kohler, Koffka
Whole is something other than the sum of its parts; attack structuralism and behavior.
Systems
Cognitive, Chomsky
Behaviorism is not an adequate explanation for human behavior; humans think, believe, are creative
Systems
Psychanalysis, Freud, Jung, Adler
Behavior is a result of unconsious conflicts, repression, defense mechanisms.
Systems
Humanism, Maslow, Rogers
Looks at people as wholes; humans have free will; psychologists should study mentally healthy people, not just mentally ill/maladjusted.
Old School vs New School in Personality development theory
1. Old was type; new is trait theory.
New School explain person and ideographic vs. nomethic approach
1. Gordon allport emphasized this approach.
2. Attempts to capture an individual's unique, defining characterisitcs, opposed to nomothetic approach, which uses large numbers of people to study the commonaltities of personality
What was Allport concerned w/ and name, describe his version of the ego. Nature or nurture.
1. Only consoiuc motives governed by the proprium or propriate function (this was ego).
2. Believed that the proprium acted consistently based on traits it had developed through experience.
Allports work of all possible traits (define), available in personality. Name the apporach. How many traits did he gather?
1. Traits relatively stable characteristics of behavior that a person exhibits, sucha as intor, polite, stingy.
2. Used the lexical approach, picking all of the possible traits out of dictionary.
3. 5,000 traits
Allports theory of why people act differently.
1. Due to trait hierarchy.
2. Cardinal top; then central, then secondary.
3. Circumstances may cause a person to show conflict secondary traits, but will allways be consitent w/cardinal trait.
Trait theory differientiate btw state.
1. Traits are relatively enduring charac. = outgoing.
2. States are temp. feelings or character. = tired.
Later statistical techniques were used to create. Who used this and what did he find.
1. Taxonomies (organized categorization systems) for personality.
2. Raymond Cattell, factor analysis in data reduction of Allprts 5,000, often overlapped.
By statistically reducing Allports 5,000 traits, what did Cattell find?
1. 16 bipolar traits; tested in the 16 PF questionnaire.
After Cattell, using computer stat analysis, were Cattell's finding replicated? What did trait theorists find. Name, describe.
1. Could not replicate Cattell's.
2. Hot topic today is Big Five; superfactors, five dimensions that appear to encompass all of personality.
3. Superordinate traits or facets.
Name the Big Five; acronym.
OCEAN; each is a dimension
1. O=openness to exp., intellectual curiosity. 2. C=conscioentiousness 3. E=extroversion, enthusiasm; 4. A= agreeableness; 5. N=neuroticism, nervousness.
Personality was originally dominated by, then, now.
1. Dispositionists, emphasis internal determinants of behavior; 2. Situationists; argue that circumstances determine behavior; 3. Interactionsists, assert combination of stable, internal and situations.
Evidence for interactionist frame, who.
1. Seymour Epstein, Wlter Mischel; trait, type assume person's behav. stable across situations, people fail to take circum. into account.
Evidence for interactionist frame for personality develop.
1. People act differently in diff. situations. Inconsistent behavior is called the consistency paradox.
2. Presents problems for labeling people as having one internal disposition.
Methods for demonstrating support for personality traits interacting w/situation. Name of theory, who developed.
1. Nancy Cantor, Mischel; Cognitive prototype approach;
2. In which, cog behavior (formulation of/attention to prototypes), is examined in social situations.
Theory Cantor and Mischel's, Cognitive prototype approach.
1. Mischel thought that consistency of behavior is the result of cog. processes, rather than the result of personality traits.
Twin studies and evidence for dispositional, situational, interactionist approach to personality development. Jim twins.
1. Indicate heritability of personality is 40-50%. 2. Environment does impact behavior; twins wives same name, dogs too, same habits, but were not exactly the same.
Nature/nurture debate and gender differences. Theories and prevailing theory.
1. No true gender diff exist, children are reinforced for stereotypical behaviors.
2. True after taking into account differential social reinforcement, few gen. diff. remain.
3. Interactionist view point.
Gender Differences
Kay Deux; suggests; affect on female self-esteem.
1. Women's success at stereotypical male task attributed to luck, men's successes are attributed to skill. Suggests gender is a social construct that colors interpretations.
Women too attribute luck to personal successes; indicates F lower self-esteem than M.
Gender differences; Sandra Bem
Name of inventory created to measure self-esteem, anxiety.
1. Studied adrogyny (both M/F qualities in person), created, Bem Sex Role Inventory.
2. Androgenous, higher self esteem, lower anxiety, more adaptability, than highly masculine/feminine people.
Gender differences; Matina Horner, fear of success.
1. Females shun masculine success; not fear failure or lack of interest, but fear of success--neg. repercussions, resent., rejection.
Gender differences: Alice Eagly
1. Interaction btw gender/social status w/ regard to how easilty an individual might be influenced or swayed.
Eleanor Maccoby, Carol Jacklin; sex differences can be explalned away by this. Most consistent difference that occurs is? Diff. attributabal too
1. Explained away by social learning.
2. Consistent difference indep. of social influence is that F have verbal ability & M have visu/spatial ability.
3.Diff = internal bio or hormonal differences--debate.
Theorists studied Type A personality and character traits/class/gender; theorist who linked Type A to heart disease.
1. Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman.
2. Grant Dahlstrom
Authoritarianism. Dichotomus characteristics. Scale they rate high on.
1. Disposition to view world as full of power relation.
2. Highly domineering if top dog of situation; highly submissive if person is power. Conventional, aggressive, stereotyping, anti-introspective.
3. F-scale = Fascism scale.
Hans Eysenck traits of two person-type dimensions. Two dimensions formed a cross and then four quadrants.
1. Factor analysis of underlying traits, intro/extra and stable/unstable (neuroticism).
2. Two dimensions/4 quadrants = phlegmatic, melancholic, choleric, sanguine.
George Kelley
1. Personal constructs (conscious ideas about the self, others, and situations) determine personality and behavior.
Seymour Epstein
Critical of personality trait theory.
Julian Rotter: External locus of control; too much breeds; Internal locus of control; too much breeds.
1. Causes on to view events as result of luck/fate; breeds helplessness.
2. Person views events as the outcome of own actions; breeds self-blame.
Implicit theories about personality
Assumptions people make about the dispositions of an individual based on the actions of that person.
Dispositional attribution is also known as this theory.
Fundamental attribution error.
Barnum effect
Tendency to agree w/accept personality interpretations that are provided.
Phenomenological view of personality theory or of psychotherapy.
Focuses on the individual's unique self and experiences; a psychology based on the theory that phenomenology determines behavior
Phenomenology definition.
The way in which one perceives and interprets events and one's relationship to them in contrast both to one's objective responses to stimuli and to any inferred unconscious motivation for one's behavior
Self-awareness, trait or state.
State; temporary condition of being aware of how I am thinking, feeling, or doing.
Mirrors make people more? Small mirrors make people? Large mirrors make people?
1. More self aware
2. Small do not make hgihly self-aware b/c we see ourselves in small mirrors all the time.
3. Big, make very self aware b/c we see a view of ourselves as others see us.
Self-Monitoring
Characterized by scrutiny of one's own behavior, motivation to act appropriately rather than onestly, and ability to ask true feelings.
Self-consiousness; trait or state
Trait; refers to how often I generally become self aware. If I pay a lot of attention to self, then I am highly self conscious.
Self-esteem. Percentage of people who have realistic self-esteem.
1. Knowing I am worthwhile, being in touch w/my actual strengths.
2. 50% people accurate; 35% are narcisstic, better than they are.
Self-efficacy
Belief that I can effectively perform a certain task.
Narcissism; is not equal to this term.
1. Believing I am better than I really am or look better than I really do.
2. Self-esteem; it is an unrealistic self-esteem; world would be a better place if I were in charge.
Self-handicapping
Self defeating behavior that allows one to dismiss or excuse failure.
Martin Seligman demonstrates how the environment (experience) can change people's personalities. Tx for learned helplessness
1. After series of events in which one feels helpless/out of control, a negative or pessimistic explanatory style develops; person gives up and exhibits helpless disposition.
2. Countered w/cognitive training to foster learned optimism.
Costa and Mc Crae
Personality changes very little after age 30.
Stimulus seeking individuals
Great need for arousal.
Two best known personality tests
MMPI; California Personality Inventory (CPI).
Henry Murray devised this assessment instrument to test personality needs.
TAT; ambiguous story card; project own needs onto cards, such as need for achievement.
Adler
Psychodynamic theorist; best known for concept, inferiority complex.
Allport
Trait theorist; known for concept functional autonomy; also distinguished between idiographic and nomothetic approaches to personality.
Dollard and Miller.
Behavior theorists attempted to study psychoanalytic concepts w/in a behaviorst framework; also known for work on approach-avoidance conflicts.
Erikson
Ego psychologist; psychosocial stages of develop. cover entire lifespan
Freud, A
Founder of ego psychology
Horney, K
Psychodynamic theorist who suggested there were 3 ways to relate to others; moving toward, moving against, and moving away from.
Jung, C
Psychodynamic theorist who broke from Freud over libidio; unconcious divide into the personal unconscious and collective unconscious = archetypes.
Kernberg, O
Object relations theorist
Lewin, K
Phenomenological personality theorists developed field theory.
Mahler
Object relations theorist
McClelland
Studied need for achievement, (nAch).
Rogers
Phenomenological personality theorist
Sheldon
Attempted to relate somatotype (body type) to personality type
Winnicott
Object relations theorist
Witkin
Studied field dependence and field independence using rod and frame test.
Bleuler
Coined term schizophrenia
Dix
19th C American advocate of asylum reform.
Kraepelin
Developed system in 19th C for classifying mental disorders; DSM-IV is a descendant of this system
Pinel
Reformed French asylums in late 18th C.
Rosenhan
Investigated the effect of being labeled mentally ill by having pseudopatients admitted into mental hospitals
Seligman
Formulated learned helplessness theory of depression
Szasz
Suggested that most mental health disorders treated by clinicians are not really mental disorders; wrote book, the myth of mental illness.
DSM IV TR is published by?? How many categories? What i included in each category and with what?
American Psychiatric Association; 16 categories of mental disorder, the diagnostic criteria for the disorders included in each category and official numerical codes assigned to each diorder
Published first in__?Intended for ____? Fourth ed. published in___? Revisions which were____.
1952; clinical, research and educational use; 1994; 2000 which were minor and added the TR to the IV, composed of text revisions.
Abnormal psych is___? Those who display abnormal behavior may be___? Mental disorders fall under___?
The study of beavior that is deemed not normal; may be diagnosed w/a paricular mental disorder; 16 categories.
Disorder often diagnosed in child/adolescence; name the six.
Mental retardation; Learning disorders; developmental disorders; ADD and disruptive behavior disorders; tic diorders; elimination disorders.
Mental retardation is indicated by these criterion.
IQ 70 or below; mild = 55-70; moderate = 40-55; severe = 25-40; profound = IQ<25.
Learning diorder example and sx.
Autism, which is indicated by severe problems w/ social sillis, comunication and interests.
ADD/ADHD is sx? Tx?
problems w/ attention, behavior, impulsivity; most frequently tx w/ stimulants.
Name two of the childhood diagnosed disruptive disorders; indicated by___?
Oppositional defiant and conduct disorders; patterns of behavior that violate rules, norms, or the rights of others.
Tic disorders an example and indicated by?
Tourette's syndrome; motor and vocal tics.
Elimination disorders; tx.
Nocturnal enuresis bed wetting; behavior modification.
Deliruim, dementia, other cog disorders; Delirium is indicated by?
Disturbed consciousness (awareness, attention and focus and cognition (memory, disorientation).
Delirium, Dementia and other cog. disorders category; dementia is indicated by__?; name 4 types.
Cognitive problems with memory, spatial tasks, or lang. that result from a medical condition; alzheimers, parkinsons, huntingtons disease and pick's disease.
Dementia which is related to cog. problems w/ memory spatial tasks and/or language resulting fom a medical condition could be alzheimers, parkinsons huntingtons disease and/or pick's disease describe the latter three.
park, tremors w/declining nero funtioning; hunting, genetically inherited pregressive degeneration of thought, emotion and movement; pick's, desearse of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain characterized by changes in personality.
Mental disorder due to a general medical condition.
Disorders in this category are the direct physiological result of a med problem such as depression resulting from hypothyroid.
Substance-related disorders include
disorders that result from the use of any toxin such as cocain, nicotine or paint fumes.
Two best known subtance related disorder subtypes are___the first is indicated by some combo of the following___ with lots of time spent__? The second is recurrent___?
Dependence, continued use despite sub related problems; need for inceased amount of sub; a desire but inability to stop; withdraw; lessening of outside interests getting, using or recovering from the substance; abuse, recurrent use despite substance related problems or danger.
Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders; define the sx or indicators of psychotic disorders.
Each disorder in this category is a psychotic disorder which means that hallucinations or delusions (erroneous beliefs) are present.
Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders was formerly known as___? and was renamed by ___which means this____but is not this___?
Dementia praecox, eugene bleuler; split mind, indicating a mind that has split from reality; not MDD and is not a split personality this is what schizo is not.
Schiz sx may be ____ or this____.
Positive (abnormally present); neg (abnormally absent).
Pos. sx., which are abnormally present includes______.
Positive = delusions (erroneous or distored thinking), perceptual hallucinations; nonsensical or disorganized speech and disorganized behavior.
Pos schizo sx of disorganized speech include this term and disorganized behavior involves this___?
Made up words called neologisms; inappropriate dress, agitation, shouting.
Schizo neg. sx., which are abnormally absent includes___.
Flat affect, absence of appropriate emotion or restrictions in thought, speech or behavior.
Onset of schizo is between___; Name two types of schizo and the progression.
Late adolescence and mid-30's; Process schizo develops gradually; reactive schizo develops suddenly in response to a particular event.
Recovery rates of process which develops gradually and reactive which develops suddenly in response to a particular event; who is most likely to recover w/either type of schizo, predictive factors; what type of person is less apt to recover from schizo?
Process schizo has a lower rate of recovery; An individual w/a history of good social ad interpersonal skills is more likeely to recover for either form of schizo than an antisocial individual.
What is the partial cause of schizo? Name the theory that describes the cause.
Parially physiological; The diathesis-stress theory.
The diathesis stress theory in the physiological cause of schizo states that schizo result from____.
A physio prediposition (abnormal brain chemistry) paired w/an eternal stressor.
In the Diathesis-stress theory it is stated that schizo results from a physio predisposition abnormal brain chemistry that is paired w/an external stressor; The bio chemical factor most associated w/ schizo is___
DA
Excessive DA is the biochemical factor most associated w/schizo; name the five types.
Paranoid; disorganized; catatonic; undifferentiated; residual.
Describe the five types, first paranoid and then disorganized which is also known by this name.
Para, indicated by preoccupation w/delusions or auditory hallucinations; Disorgan. also known as hebephrenic schizo, indicated by disorganized speech and behavior and flat affect.
Catatonic sx include these sx. terms in this type of schizo.
Indicated by psychomotor disturbance such as catalepsy, excessive motor activity; prominent posturing, gestures, mannerisms, or grimacing; parroting or imitating the gestures of others.
Catatonic sx include the following three terms.
Catalepsy (motor immobility or way figure, which is psychomotor disturb.); echolalia (parroting); echopraxia (imitating the gestures of others).
Undifferentiated and residual schizo are indicated by__?
Undiffer, a grab bag of schizo sx not fitting into a particular type; residual, watered down schizo w/few pos. sx if any.
Schizo affective under shizo and psychotic disorder category.
Schizophrenic sx accompanying a depressive episode.
Schizo and other psych disorders in the DSMIVTR category one of 16 is delusional disorder which has 5 types of delusions name.
Persistent delusions of various types; erotomanic, grandiose, jealousy, persecutory, somatic.
Of the 5 types of delusions under the DSM catagory schizo and other psychotic disorders, jealousy and persecutry are straight forward; explain further erotomanic, grandiose and somatic.
Erotomanic, that another person is isn love w/the indidvidual; grandiose, that one has a special talent or status; somatic, bodily, sucha s believing a part of the body is ugly or misshapen.
Schizo and other psych disorders include shared psych disorder in this DSM IV category is also known as?
Also known as folie a deux; when two people have shared delusions.
Mood disorders name three.
Major depressive disorder, dysthymic dsorder and bipolar disorder.
Mood disorders; major depressive disorder is indicated by; time frame and prevelancy rates.
Depressive episode evidenced by depressed mood, loss of usual interests, changes in weight or sleep, low energy, feelings of worthlessness, or thoughts of death; sx are present nearly every day for min. 2 wks; twice as common in Females.
Dysthymic disorder as part of the Mood disorder category in the DSM sx; duration.
Sx of major depressive disorder as in lowered mood are present more days than not form more than 2 yrs, but there is never an actual dpressive episode.
Bipoloar disorder under the mood disorder category is indicated by and prevelance rates.
Depressive sx that alternate w/manic sx (inflated self esteem, deceased sleep, talkativeness, flight of ideas, intense goal directed activity, excessive pleasure seeking; equal btw men and women.
Anxiety disorders one component of many different anxiety diorders is___? The sx and duration fo this component are___and is often accompanied by these additional sx___.
Panic attack; lasts short amount of time under 10 min.; overwhelming feelings of dager or need to escape. Expressed as an intense fear of spontaneously dying or going crazy; physical, sweating, trembling, pounding heart.
Generalized anxiety disorder is frequently tx___; specific anxiety disorder are tx w____.
Gen anxiety tx w/ anxiolytics; behavioral therapies that expose the pt to the anxiety provoking stimulus and change the pts. response to the stimulus.
While Gen disorder is tx w/anxiolytics five other anxiety disorders are tx w behavioral therapies that expose the pt to the anxiety provoking stimulus and change the pts response to the stimulus i.e. syst. desensitization and flooding. Name the 5 anxiety disorders amenable to behavioral therapy.
panic disorder; agoraphobia; phobia; ocd;ptsd.
Panic disorder sx and physical cause potential___?
Panic, recurrent panic attacks and persistent worry about another attack; often accompanied by a mitral valve heart problem.
Agoraphobia disorder sx are___?
Fear of a sit. in which panic sx might arise and excape would be difficult; this usually means fear and avoidance of being outside the home or in a crowd.
Phobia is___Name the two types and sx.
Recognized, unreasonable, intense anxiety sx and avoidance anchored to a stimulus; specific is anxiety in response to a stimulus, flying, heights, needles, driving; social pertains to anxiety around social or performance situations.
OCD is caracterized by___ or ____; give ex. of each.
Obsession, persistent thoughts, worrying about locking door or being contaminated, uncontrollable; compulsion, repetitive behaviors or mental act that are time consuming, distressing and disruptive, checking behavior, counting, hand washing, praying.
PTSD anxiety disorder DSM catagory and sx.
Exposure to trauma that results in decreased ability to function and recurrent thoughts and axiety about the trauma; war vets or victims of violence.
Somatoform Disorder.
Disorders are manifested by physical or bodily sx that cause reduced functioning.
Name the various types of somatoform disorder that are manifested by physical or bodily sx and reduce functioning. Name two and describe sx.
Conversion, psych problems coverted to bodily sx; sx relate to voluntary movement such as paralysis; Hypochondriasis, irrational concern about having a seroius disease.
Conversion disorder was formally known as by this theorist.
Hysteria; Freud's work.
Factitious disorder sx
Creating physical complaints through fabriation or self incliction by ingesting toxins as an ex. in order to assume the sick role.
Dissociative disorders are and were formally known as___? name 3.
All involve the disruption of memory or identity; psychogenic disorders; amnesia, fugue, identity siorder.
Amnesia in the catagory of a dissociative disorder which involves the disruption of mem or identity and formerly known as psychogenic disorders, name two and sx.
Inability to recall info relating to trauma; retrograde is forgetting of events that occurred b4 the trauma; anterograde is forgetting events that occurred after the trauma.
Fugue in dissociative disorders
Suddenly fleeing to a new location, forgetting true identity, and/or establishing a new identity.
Identity disorder under category in DSM of dissociative disorders was known as and name sx.
MDD, assumption of two or more identities that control behavior in different situations.
Sexual and Gender identity Disorders
Range from fetishes to arousal problems togender discomfort; anything sexual is under this category
Eating disorders category the two identified and sx.
Anorexia and Bulimia; anorexia refuse to eat enough to maintain a healthy body weight; showing excessive concern about becoming obese; bulimia is binge eating accompained by harmful ways to prevent weight gain, induced vomiting or laxative use.
Sleep disorders name the two types and then the five diagnosis.
Dyssomnias relted to sleep abnormaltities; parasomnias are abnormal behaviors during sleep; insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, nightmare, sleep terror.
Sleep disorders are devided into two sub categories, dyssomnias issues related to sleep abnormalities and parasomnias are abnormal behaviors during sleep. Name the 3 dyssomnias and sx.
Insominia, difficulty falling or staying asleep; hypersominia, excessive sleepiness; narcolepsy, falling asleep uncontrollably during routine daily activity.
Name the two diagnosis under the sub category of parasomnia's in the DSM category of sleep disorders.
Nightmare, frequent disruption of sleep due to nightmares; sleep terror, diruption of sleep bc of screaming or crying.
Impulse control disorders not else where classified
For each of these an irresistible urge dictates behavior. Giving in to the impulse usually lessens tension and brings relief, though the behavior is disruptive to overalll functioning.
Name the 4 types of impulse control disorders not elsewhere classified where giving into the function releives tensions and brings relief though is ultimately disruptive to overall functioning.
Kleptomania, impulse to steal; pyromania, urge to set fires; pathologica gambling, irresistible impulse to gamble; trichotillomania, irresistible impulse to pull out body hair.
Adjustment diorders
The presence of a real stressor, move, divorce, city life, that results in decreased functioning.
Personality disorders
Characterized by rigid, pervasive, culturally abnormal personality stuructures.
Name the first five persoanlity disorders that are rigid, pervasive and culturally abnormal personality structures: PSSAB
Paranoid, distrust, suspicion; schizoid, detachment, small range of emotion; shizotypal, eccentricity, distorted reality; antisocial, disregard for the rights of others absence of guilt; borderline, instability in relationships and emotions, impulsivity.
The PSSAB disorders are followed by HNADO.
Histrionic, excess emotion attention seeking; Narcissistic, need for admiration, idea of superiority; Avoidant, social inhibitions, hpersensitivity, perceptions of inadequacy; Dependant, need to be taken care of, clingy; Obsessive Compulsive, excessive orderliness, control and perfectionism.
DA is a major player in the physio of various disorders, names these.
Schizo, amphetamines, neuroleptic drugs, parkinson's.
DA and schizo and amphetamines
Too much is believed to cause schizo; amphetamines increases DA activity and produces schizo like parnoid sx.
Neuroleptic drugs and DA name and explain the function.
Antipsychotic chlorpromazine, reduce DA activity by blocking DA receptors; therby reducing schizo sx.
Parkinson's and DA; effective drugs, what drugs can cause parkinson like sx.
Caused by a DA deficiency. Boost DA through use of levodopa; neuroleptics can cause parking sx because they decrease da activity.
Tardive dyskinesia is the result of___? sx of the disorder.
Long term use of neuroleptics or psychotropics; involuntary, repetitive movements of the tongue, jaw or extremities.
What is the most common cause of mental retardation? This individual has three copies f__.
Down syndrome = chromosomal abnormality, which is a trisomy of #21 = 3 copies instead of two.
Crentinism is different from mental retardation in that___
It is caused by iodine deficiency.
Organic disorders from years of heavy drinking, name two.
Korsakoff's syndrom and Wernicke's syndrome.
Korsakoff syndrome the organice disorder resulting from years of heavy drinking is due to and sx., name the specific term.
Vit. B deficiency; loss of memory and orientation; make up events to fill in the gaps = confabulations.
Wernicke's syndrome due to alcohol and is organic sx and organic cause.
Thiamine deficiency, mem problems and ey dysfunctions.
PKU genetic component and excess of this___?
Recessive, infant disease related to excess amino acids; inborn error of metabolism.
Tay-Sachs disease is ____and genetic. Sx resemble___.
Recessive, deficiency of hexosaminidase A. Resemble psych diorders such as schizo or dementia.
Klinefelter's syndrome.
M = one Y and two XX.
Depression has a higher occurence in ____. Women are___.
In developed countries; 2X more likely than men to be diagnosed w/ unipolar depression.
Reactive depression who is the theorist that it is similar to and the theory? Sx.
Depression resulting from particular events; martin seligmans, learned helplessness.
Thomas Szasz views schizo as___and with what tx.
Simply misunderstood or artistic; not be tx.
Depressive realism referes to the finding that___?
Depressed people tend to be more realistic about life than the nondepressed.
Fromm and Reichman coined this term, which referes to___?
Schizophrenogenic mother; refers to a type of mother who causes children to become schizo.
Rosenhan studied the effect of___; he found that___?
Effect of diagnostic labels on the perception of behavior; normal pseudopations feigning disorders; indviduals acted normal but behaviors were construed as fitting the diagnosis anyway.
Life event stress
Most frequently results from large, sudden changes or problems.
Health psych studies the
biol and behavioral and social impacts on health and illness.
Name some important findings from the field of health psy studies in bio, behavioral and social impact on health and illness; level of stress and social support.
Increase, more likely to get sick; a lot of social support is associated w/better health outcomes, sick less often, shorter duration and less likely to develop heart disease to name a few.
Sixteen categories of MD. Disorders diagnosed b4 age 18; Delirium.
Early disorders are retard, learning disability, development disorder, attention or tic disorders; delirium dementia, amnestic and other cog. disorders = delirium and dementia related to alzheimer's parkinson's and alcoholism.
General medical condition and substance.
Mental disorders due to a general medical condition not elsewhere classified, mental sx that result from a genuine med. problem; substance related disorders, dependence and abuse of alcohol pot nicotine etc.
Schizo and mood.
Schizo and other psychotic disorders, schizo's, psych disorders, hallucinations and delusions; mood disorders, depressive and biopoloar.
Anxiety and somatoform
Anx. panic agoraphobia, other phobias, ocd, ptsd, anxiety; somatoform formerly psychsomatic, conversion, hypchondriasis.
Factitious and dissociative.
Feigned or produced illness for atten; amnesia, fugues, idd, depersonalization.
Sex and gender IDD; eating disorders.
desire, arousal, orgasmic, and sexual pain disorders; anorexia and bullemia.
Sleep and impulse control disorders.
Dyssomnias and parasomnias, insominia, hypersominia, narcolepsy, sleepwalking, night terror; not elsewhere clasified, klepomania, pyromania, patho gambling, trichotillomania.
Adjustment and personality disorders
Emotional difficulty resulting from an identifiable stressor; paranoid schizo etc.
Clients according the DSM are assessed across, which is called____for this purpose.
Multiaxial assessment; five axes; complete pic of functioning.
Multiaxial assessment across five axes gives a complete pic of client functioning; axes one and two are based on____, which categories of DSM for I and II respectively; Name the other three.
16 Categories of the DSM; I Clinical disorder and other conditions, 1-15; II personality disorders and mental retardation, category 16; III General medical conditions; IV Psychosocial and environ problems; V global assessment of function.
APA founded by and purpose
Governing body of psyh in America and was founded in 1892 by G Stanley Hall; to advance psych as a science, profession and means of promoting human welfare.
Official APA Journal.
Amerian psychologist; mothly archival current issue theoretical and practicle articles.
Bimonthly publication of the APA
Psychological bulletin, various papers ranging from lit reviews to quantitative reviews.
Index published by the APA
Psych abstracts and is foun at libraries and is the monthly compilation of nonevaluative summaries of the world's leteraature in psyc. Article abstracts are arranged by topic.
Psyc INFO
Database online or computer access format of psych abstracts; access all psych abstracts tat are catalogued under a search I choose.
Primary prevention
Involves attempts to prevent documented psychosocial problems through direct contact w/an at ris but unaffected grou.
The primary prevention which attempts to prevent documented psychsocial problems through direct contact w/an at rist but unaffected group does this rthrough___Name programs.
Proactive intervention, intervention that takes place b4 the problems arise rather than as a result of the problems; prenatal healthcare, DARE and head start.
Culturally competent interventions refer to___; therapists trained in cultural competence means that they learn____.
Tx or prevention programs that recognize and are tailored to cultural differences; language, customs, and norms of the various cultures they serve.
Culturally competent interventions that tx or prevent in the forms of programs that recognize and are tailored to cultural differences and as a cultural competent therapist who learns the lang customs this minimizes?
Eurocentric bias and assumptions and prevents individuals from having to constantly explain their culture.
Community psych is a model in which ___
Psychology is taken into the community via community centers or schools, as opposed to having individuals come to clinics and universitites.
Community psychology which brings psychology to the people in the community on their turf emphasizes___
Respect and also recognizes the logistics that keep the neediest people from seeking help.