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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Behaviorist define personality as
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merely an accumulation of learned responses to stimuli
sets of overt behaviors habit systems |
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Behaviorists believe personality refers to
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what can be objectively observed and manipulated
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Skinner believed behavior
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can be controlled by its consequences
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Skinner's theory
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Operant conditioning
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Operant Conditioning
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you have to do something for learning to occur
S-R-C |
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Watson
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Classical Conditioning
Lil Albert and dogs UCS-UCR CS-CR |
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In Skinner's S-R-C, the S is not required because
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most behavior is spontaneous
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Respondent Behavior (Skinner)
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response made to or elicited by a specific stimulus
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Reinforcement
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strengthening a response by rewarding
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Extinction
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eliminating a behavior by no longer rewarding it
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Operant Behavior
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Behavior that is spontaneous and cannot be traced directly to a specific stimulus
emitted and changes the environment (rat pressing lever) |
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Operant conditioning
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a change in the consequences of a response will affect the rate of response
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Fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement
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reinforcement is gived after an fixed time, has nothing to do with # of responses
If you lengthen the interval the responses decline |
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Fixed ratio
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reinforcement is given after a fixed # of responses
Higher responding rate than fixed interval |
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Variable interval
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Given reinforcements at random times
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Variable Ratio
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Reinforcement based on an average # of responses (Casinos)
extremely effective and resistant to extinction |
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Successive approximation
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Shaping- reinforced only when behavior is successive or consecutive
explanation for the acquisition of complex behaviors |
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Superstitious behavior
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Persistant behavior that has a coincidental relationship to the reinforcement received
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Self-Control (Skinner)
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controlling the impact of external events that determine our behavior
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Stimulus avoidance
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self-control technique
avoiding situations or things that have control over your behavior |
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Self-administered satiation
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self-control technique
cure yourself of a bad habit by overdoing it until your disgusted, ill, or uncomfortbale (smoking) |
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Aversive stimulation
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self control technique where you tell someone what you want to accomplish and if you dont, you experience personal failure, embarrassment, and criticism
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Self reinforcement
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self control technique where you reward yourself for doing good things
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Behavior modification
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uses reinforcements to get desired behavioral changes
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token economy
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behavior-mod technique where tokens are given and can be exchanged for something the person wants
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punishment
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Application of an aversive stimulus in order to decrease an undesired response
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Negative reinforcement
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Removing something they dont like
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functional analysis
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study of behavior by assessing the frequency of a behavior, situation it occurs in, & the reinforcers associated
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3 approaches to assessing behavior
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direct observation, self-reports & physiological measurements
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Direct observation
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allows you to see the frequency of the undesirable behaviors which provides a baseline to compare behavior during & after treatment
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Self-report
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sign-versus-sample approach:
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sign approach
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assesses personality
questionnaires and other self-report inventories infer character types, traits, or unconscious conflicts |
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sample approach
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assesses behavior
questionnaire responses are interpretted as samples of behavior |
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Physiological measurements
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recording measurements makes it possible to evaluate physiological effects of various stimuli
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Bandura's approach
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social learning theory investigating behavior formed and modified in a social context
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Bandura's approach is also called
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observational learning
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observational learning
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learning by watching the behavior of other people
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vicarious reinforcement
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instead of getting direct reinforcement, behavior is strengthened by watching the consequences of others
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observational learning includes cognitive processes because
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we make a conscious decision to behave the same way
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modeling
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observe the behavior of others and participate with them
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disinhibition
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weakening of an inhibition or constraint through eposure to a model
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Characterisitics of the Modeling situation
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Charac. of model
Charac.of Observers Reward consequences associated with the behaviors |
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Characteristics of the Models
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prefer someone similar, age, sex,status & prestige
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Characteristics of the Observer
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low in self-confidence & self-esteem
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Reward consequences associated with the behaviors
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the reward may override the char of models & observers if it is strongly desired
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4 observational learning processes
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attentional,retention, production, and incentive & motivational
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Attentional processes
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Developing cognitive and perceptual skills so you can pay attention to a model
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Retention processes
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retaining or remembering the mode's behavior for later imitation
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Production
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physically producing the responses and receiving feedback on your accuracy
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Incntive and motivational processes
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perceiving the models behavior leads to a reward and expecting similar consequences
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Self re-inforcement
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rewarding or punishing oneself for meeting or falling short of one's own expectations
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Self-efficacy
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determined by how well we meet our own behavioral standards
feeling of adequacy, efficiency & competence in coping with life |
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Childhood
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infancy, younger children & older children
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infancy
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takes a lot of attempts before they duplicate
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younger children
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reinforced with food affection or punishment
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older children
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approval from model positive reinforcer
disapproval from model negative reinforcer |
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Adolescence
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depends on the level of self-efficacy establisheed during childhood
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Young Adulthood
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high self-efficacy is needed for success in marriage parenthood & career advancement
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Middle years
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reevaluate life and careers, search for new ways to enhance self-efficacy
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Old Age
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a low self efficacy can affect physical and mental health
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Rotter believed behaviors are
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motivated toward specific goals
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Paradigm for behavior
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S-O-R-C
stimulus, beliefs/expectations response consequences |
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People respond to behaviors based on
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their expectations for a particular reinforcement to occur
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Internal locus of control (Rotter)
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believe that reinforcement is brought own by you
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External locus of control
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believe that reinforcement is under other people or things control
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5 Concepts of Rotter
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freedom of movement, mimal goal levels, locus of control, & interpersonal trust
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Freedom of movement
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Self-confidence-if i do... i know i'll get...
Confidence in own ability |
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Limited Domain Theories have no attemp to
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apply theory in clinical settings
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David McClelland
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Need for Achievement
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method of measurement for need for achievement
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TAT Thematic A-Perception Test
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TAT studied
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the diff btwn high & low need for achievement
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Behavioral Studies for need for achievement
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SES, Memory for unfinished tasks, social pressures, conformity, academics
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Training program
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helped ppl perform better personally & on the job
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Zuckerman
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sensation seeking
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Sensation seeking test
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factor-analyses with 40 items on 4 components
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4 components of sensation seeking test
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thrill, experience seeking, disinhibition, & boredom susceptibility
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only female trait for sensation seeking tiest
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experience
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Martin Seligman
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learned helplessness
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learned helplessness
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we have no control over our environment
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