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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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PERSONALITY |
is a individual's unique pattern of thoughts, feelings and behaviour that are relatively stable over time and across situations. |
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PERSONALITY THEROY |
an approach to describing and explaining the origins and development of personality. |
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PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY |
is that personality is a result of unconscious psychological conflicts and that these are effectively resolved by the individual. |
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CONSCIOUS |
Everything we are thinking, remembering, feeling, sensing or aware of at this particular moment. |
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PRE-CONSCIOUS |
contains information that lies in the 'back of our mind'- can easily be brought into the conscious level merely by thinking about it. |
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UNCONSCIOUS |
Is a storage area for all the information about ourselves that is not acceptable to the conscious mind. - unacceptable thoughts, feelings, experiences, images and idea's are buried. |
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THE ID |
-operates on the pleasure principle- it must have its needs met and immediately to increase pleasure and avoid pain. -seeks immediate satisfaction, regardless of societies rules or the rights and feelings of others. - THE BABY |
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THE EGO |
- operates on the reality principle, it tries to ensure the needs of the id are met and considers 'real life' restrictions in dealing with Id demands. -realistic and logical |
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THE SUPEREGO |
-operates on the moral principle-providing us with ideas of what is right and wrong. - always aims for perfection -Is responsible for our feelings of guilt when we do something wrong and sense of pride when we do something right. |
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ORAL STAGE |
-birth to 18 months - during the oral stage, the child is focused on oral pleasures - Too much or too little can result in an oral fixation or oral personality. -this personality may have stronger tendency to drink, smoke, over eat or bite nails. - These individual's may become overly dependent upon others, gullible and followers. |
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ANAL STAGE |
- 18 moths to 3 years. - the child focus of pleasure in this stage is on eliminating and retaining feaces. - anal fixation- can result in cleanliness, perfection and control (anal retentive) - or they may become messy and disorganized (anal expulsive) |
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PHALLIC STAGE |
- ages 3- 6. - the pleasure zone goes to the genitals. - boys develop unconscious sexual desires for mothers and then becomes rival with his father and sees him as competition for the mother's affection. - girls go through similar situation/ -fixation- result in sexual deviancies and weak or confused sexual identity. |
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LATENCY STAGE |
- 6- puberty - sexual urges remain repressed and children interact and play mostly with the same sex - important in the development of social and communication skills and self-confidence. |
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GENITAL STAGE |
-puberty onwards - sexual urges are awakened - adolescents direct their sexual urges to the opposite sex, with the primary focus of pleasure is the genitals. -The goal of this stage is to establish a balance between the various life areas. |
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ORAL FIXATION |
- the oral receptive personality: is preoccupied with eating/drinking and reduces tension through the oral activity. They are generally passive, needy and sensitive to rejection. - the oral aggressive personality: is hostile and verbally abusive to others, using mouth-based aggression/ |
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STENGTH AND LIMITITATIONS OF PSYCHODYNMAIC THEORIES |
Strength: - adult personality is significantly influenced by experiences in early life. - Key events in early life, such as toilet training can affect personality development. Weakness: - few contemp theories believe that personality dev are age related stages. - Limited scientific research evidence. - based on personal observations. |
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TRAIT THEORIES PEROSNALITY TRAIT |
a personality trait is a personality characteristic that endures over time and across situations. Trait theories of personality focus on measuring, identifying and describing individual differences in personality in terms of traits or characteristics. |
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ALLPORTS HIERARCHY OF TRAITS |
-complied a list of all the words that could be used to describe personality. - organised those traits into 3 groups. 1. Cardinal traits: traits which are seen as motivator's or a driving force in that person's personality. very dominant but extremely rare. 2.central traits: traits which are present to some degree in all individual's within a culture or society. eg kindness, sensitivity, rudeness. 3. secondary traits: to some degree present in all individual's. But do not influence behaviour to the same degree. Eg. liking a particular style of music (pop) |
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EYSENCK'S PEN MODEL |
- reduce the 16 personality factors to 3. - called the factors 'dimensions of personality'. - extraversion-introversion, neurotism-emotional, stability and psychoticism.
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EXTRAVERSION-INTROVERSION |
-extraversion: people who are identified on this dimension tend to be socialable, outgoing, talkative and enjoy interacting with others and social activities. -Introversion: tend to quiet, thoughtful and reserved. They tend to like doing things on their own and avoid social contact.
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NEUROTRICM- EMOTINAL STUDY |
neuroticism: tendency to worry and be emotional, anxious, moody, tense and restless. emotional stability: typically calm, even- tempered, relaxed and theory high in emotional stability. |
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PSYCHOTICISM |
this dimension encompassed lower level traits such as aggressive, cold, egocentric, impulsive, impersonal, anti-social, unempathetic and tough minded. - no opposite like other dimensions. -present in all people to some degree. |
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EPQ |
-Questionare - evaluates personality of individual's over the age of 18. -consists of 160 self-report items to measure the 3 items.
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COSTA AND MCCRAE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL |
- Many psychologists believe that the total number of personality traits can be reduced to five factors, and that all of the other traits fit within each of the five factors. - Five factor model includes: -openness to experience - conscientiousness -extraversion - agreeableness - neuroticism |
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OPENESS TO EXPERIENCE: |
-includes traits such as imaginative, curious, artistic, excitable, insightful and unconventional. |
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CONSCIENTIOUSNESS: |
- Includes traits such as being organised, thorough, efficient, reliable, self-disciplined, dutiful and deliberate. |
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EXTRAVERSION: |
Includes traits such as being outgoing, sociable, talkative, energetic, assertive and adventurous. Can leads to a tendency for risk taking behaviour.
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AGREEABLENESS: |
Includes traits such as being cooperative, compliant, sympathetic, kind, affectionate, forgiving, modest and straightforwardness. |
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NEUROTICISM |
Includes traits such as being tense, anxious, moody, irritable, impulsive, self-conscious and vulnerability. |
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STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF TRAIT THEORIES |
strengths: - useful descriptions of personality - provided the foundation for the development of valid and reliable personality assessment devices which can be used for a range of purposes. weaknesses: - can lead people to accept and use oversimplified classifications of people in everyday life. - can lead to people labelling others. |
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HUMANISTIC THEORIES OF PEROSNALITY |
emphasises the uniqueness of each individual and the positive qualities and potential of all human beings to fulfil their lives. |
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CARL ROGERS |
-Believed all people are born good with considerable potential. - Potential is reached through a series of hurdles which may prevent them from doing so. -importance of free will: that is we are all individuals who freely choose to behave in whatever way we desire, and we act according to that choice |
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CARL ROGERS -PERSON-CENTRED THEORY |
-all of us have the potential to grow and develop unless something in our environment stops that from happening. |
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SELF- ACTUALISE |
-according to rogers, whether or not an individual achieves their full potential-that is whether or not they self actualise depends on three key factors: - they way others treat them - how they view themselves - how effectively they can deal with negative influences in life. |
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STRENGHTS AND LIMITATIONS OF HUMANISTIC THEORIES |
strengths: - focused on positive dimensions of personality. - give a complete picture of how the healthy personality develops. weaknesses: - 'personalised' and non scientific. - criticised for simplistic, idealistic and vague ideas about personality. |
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PERSONALITY TESTS |
it is an assessment device used to evaluate or measure aspects of personality, such as factors (dimensions) and specific traits. Two kinds: personality inventories and projective tests.
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INVENTORIES |
- Self-report method - list of questions designed to assess personality -EPQ, NEO PI-R -Objective tests |
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MMPI |
-personality inventory - used to assist in the diagnosis of mental illness - It may also be used for the recruitment of staff -questions with true and false answers - anyone who scores over 65 may have a mental illness - 567 items |
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PROJECTIVE TESTS |
These tests attempt to uncover an individual's unconscious wishes, desires, fears, thoughts, needs and other 'hidden' aspects of personality by asking them to describe what they see to make up a story from an ambiguous figure. |
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RORESCHACH |
- consists of 10 stimulus cards -Initially constructed by dropping ink on paper and folding paper in half. - Each card is distinctly different and composed of a variety of colours. - This test is rarely used in contemp psychology.
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TEST VALIDITY |
- To be useful a personality test must be valid: measure what it is supposed to measure. CONTENT VALIDITY- content in test is accurate CRITERION-CRELATED VALIDITY- test an adequately predict certain personality traits and dimensions or factors. CONSTRUCT VALIDITY- Test provides a good reflection of the personality theory or model and empirical evidence to support theory or model. |
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TEST RELIABILITY |
-refers to the ability of a test to consistently measure what it is supposed to measure each time it is given. - Ways to establish test reliability: test-retest reliability, parallel-forms reliability, split-half reliability, internal consistency and inter-rater reliability. |
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Test-retest reliability |
same test administered to same group of people more that once and comparing scores. |
