Personality

Front 1

Fundamental attribution error

Back 1

the tendency to attribute too much of others' behavior to their personalities an not enough to the situations they confront

Front 2

Traits

Back 2

relatively enduring predispositions that influence our behavior across many situations

Front 3

Nomothetic aaproach

Back 3

approach to personality that focuses on indentifying general laws that govern the behavior of all individuals

Front 4

Idiographic approach

Back 4

approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person

Front 5

Shared environmental factors

Back 5

experiences that make individuals within the same family more alike

Front 6

Nonshared environmental factors

Back 6

experiences that make individuals within the same family less alike

Front 7

Adoption studies

Back 7

examines children who were separated at an early age from their biological families

Front 8

Somatogenic

Back 8

physiologically caused mental disorders

Front 9

Pseudocyesis

Back 9

false pregnancies

Front 10

Catharsis

Back 10

a feeling of relief following a dramatic outpouring of emotion

Front 11

Psychogenic

Back 11

psychologically caused mental disorders

Front 12

Psychic determinism

Back 12

the assumption that all psychological events have a cause

Front 13

Unconscious motivation

Back 13

we rarely understand what we do, even tho we can give explanations after our actions

Front 14

Id

Back 14

reservior of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression

Front 15

Pleasure principle

Back 15

tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification

Front 16

Ego

Back 16

psyche's executive and principle decision maker

Front 17

Reality principle

Back 17

tendency of our ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet

Front 18

Superego

Back 18

our sense of morality

Front 19

Fulfillments

Back 19

expressions of id's impulses, in all dreams

Front 20

Defense mechanisms

Back 20

unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety

Front 21

Repression

Back 21

motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses

Front 22

Denial

Back 22

motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences

Front 23

Regression

Back 23

the act of returning psychologically to a younger, and typically simpler and safer, age

Front 24

Reaction-formation

Back 24

transformation of an anxiety-provoking emotion into its opposite

Front 25

Projection

Back 25

unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others

Front 26

Displacement

Back 26

directing impulse from a socially acceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target

Front 27

Rationalization

Back 27

providing reasonable-sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviors or failures

Front 28

Intellectualization

Back 28

avoiding emotions associated with anxiety-provoking experiences by focusing on abstract and impersonal thoughts

Front 29

Identification with the aggresor

Back 29

process of adopting the characteristics of individuals we find threatening

Front 30

Sublimation

Back 30

transforming a socially unacceptable impulse to an admired goal

Front 31

Erogenous zone

Back 31

sexually arousing zone of the body

Front 32

Oral Srage

Back 32

psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth

Front 33

Anal Stage

Back 33

Psychossexual stage that focuses on toilet training

Front 34

Phallic stage

Back 34

Psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals

Front 35

Oedipus complex

Back 35

conflict during the phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals

Front 36

Electra

Back 36

conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals

Front 37

Penis envy

Back 37

supposed desire of girls to possess a penis

Front 38

Latency stage

Back 38

psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious

Front 39

Genital stage

Back 39

psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses awaken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others

Front 40

Factor analysis

Back 40

statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures

Front 41

Big Five

Back 41

five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures

Front 42

Lexical approach

Back 42

approach proposing that the most crucial features of personality are embedded in our language

Front 43

Openness

Back 43

tend to be intellectually curious and unconventional

Front 44

Extraversion

Back 44

tend to be social and lively

Front 45

Conscientiousness

Back 45

tend to be careful and responsible

Front 46

Agreeableness

Back 46

tend to be friendly and easy to get along with

Front 47

Neuroticism

Back 47

tend to be tense and moody

Front 48

Implicit personality theories

Back 48

intuitive ideas concerning personality traits and their associations with behavior

Front 49

Anthropomorphizing

Back 49

unintentionallyimposing their implicit personality theories on chimpanzees

Front 50

Structured personality tests

Back 50

paper-and-pencil tests consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways

Front 51

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Back 51

widely used structured test designed to assess symptoms of mental disorders

Front 52

Empirical method of test construction

Back 52

approach to building tests in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups, and examine which items best distinguish them

Front 53

Face validity

Back 53

extent to whcih respondents can tell what the items are measuring