Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What rank, in terms of risk for death, does CVD pose for US adults? |
-leading cause of death for both men and women in the USA -1 in 4 deaths are related to heart disease |
|
|
What are the preventable risk factors for CVD? |
-tobacco smoke -excessive alcohol consumption -obesity -sedentary lifestyle -diet -psychological factors |
|
|
What are the diagnostic numbers for total, HDL and LDL that are associated with the greatest risk for CVD? |
LDL: 160 and above HDL: greater than or equal to 60 Total: over 240 |
|
|
What are the major forms of CVD? How is hypertension different from other forms of CVD? |
-Hypertension (both a risk factor and form of CVD) -atherosclerosis -angina -coronary artery disease -stroke -heart attack -arrhythmias |
|
|
What is hypertension (HTN) or high blood pressure? Are there signs or symptoms associated with HTN? |
HTN: results from either an increased output of blood by the heart or increased resistance to blood flow in the arteries due to atherosclerosis *Primary (develops over time) *secondary (caused by another disease --no signs or symptoms "silent killer" |
|
|
What are the diagnostic levels associated with a normal blood pressure (BP)? With pre-hypertension? Hypertension? |
-normal: 120/80 -prehypertension: 120-139/80-89 -hypertension STAGE 1: 140-159/90-99 -hypertension STAGE 2: over 160/over 100 |
|
|
What is the definition of atherosclerosis? What is the physiological process associated with the development of atherosclerosis? |
Atherosclerosis: a form of of arteriosclerosis, thickening and hardening of the arteries -coronary arteries are very susceptible -begins in childhood -plaque buildup begins when endothelial cells are damaged |
|
|
What are the symptoms of a heart attack? |
-shortness of breath, chest pain, excessive sweating, numbness in the left side of face and arm, nausea, vomiting, indigestion IN WOMEN: upper back pain or abdominal, pain at rest, fatigue |
|
|
What are arrhythmias? What are two types of arrhythmias? |
Arrhythmia: an abnormal heartbeat -Atrial Fibrillation: most common type of arrhythmia caused by chaotic impulses in the atria -Ventricular Fibrillation: most serious type of arrhythmia, occurs when rapid, chaotic electrical cause the ventricles t quiver |
|
|
What is the definition of an ischemic stroke? What are the two types of ischemic stroke? |
Ischemic Stroke: caused by blockages in brain blood vessels *Embolic: emboli, blood clots that travel elsewhere *Thrombotic: thrombi, blood clots that form where an artery has been narrowed |
|
|
What are the signs and symptoms of a stroke? |
-sudden numbness or weakness of face -sudden confusion, trouble understanding -trouble seeing in one or both eyes -trouble walking, dizziness -severe headache with unknown cause |
|
|
Not including alcohol, tobacco, and obesity, what are the specific guidelines individuals can take to reduce or eliminate the following preventable risks associated with CVD: -sedentary lifestyle, high sodium diet, angry/hostile personality, high LDL cholesterol |
******** |
|
|
What is the Office of Genetics and Disease Prevention's definition of obesity? |
obesity is a chronic lifelong condition that is a result of an environment of caloric abundance and relative physical inactivity modulated by a susceptible genotype |
|
|
How is overweight and obesity diagnosed in adults by using BMI? |
Overweight= between 25-29.9 Obese=over 30 |
|
|
How is overweight and obesity diagnosed in children based on BMI? How does it differ from adults? |
Overweight: between 85-94th percentile Obese: above 95th percentile based on BMI ranges for age |
|
|
What is the prevalence in obesity in all US adults? |
about 2/3 are overweight or obese |
|
|
Where does Oklahoma rank in terms of the prevalence of obesity compared to other states? |
7th in obesity rates of the US |
|
|
What is the percent increased risk of death from all-cause mortality caused by obesity? |
individuals who are obese have a 10-50% increased risk of death from all causes |
|
|
How much have the rates of childhood obesity increased since 1980? |
rates of obesity in children have tripled since 1980 |
|
|
What factors heavily influence behavior and contribute to the obesity epidemic? |
-increased energy intake -decreased energy expenditure -genetics -physiological factors -number/size of adipose tissue -fat distribution -sociocultural norms |
|
|
How does the number and size of a child's fat cells affect their risk of being overweight or obese adult? |
Pre-Puberty: fat cells are being created as we mature Post-Puberty: we created all the fat cells we need for life unless significant weight gain -fat cells cannot be destroyed -the more fat cells we have at puberty, the more fat cell hormones will be circulating the body wanting to be "fed" |
|
|
How does body fat distribution affect the health risks associated with obesity? |
Android-type Obesity: "apple" shape or central obesity, storage of fat in abdomen, independent risk factor -more easily mobilized and sent into the blood stream -can induce insulin and leptin resistance |
|
|
What are the environmental factors that impede physical activity and contribute to overweight and obesity? Be able to recognize examples of these environmental factors. |
-lack of planned communities focusing on pedestrian activities -urban safety issues -infrastructure focused on cars and convenience -marketing on products which promote convenience and less physical effort -reduction of PE in schools |
|
|
What are the environmental factors that promote unhealthy overeating and contribute to overweight and obesity? |
-marketing and advertising focused on high-fat and high sugar foods, especially to children -fast/processed food availability -food distribution programs -school lunch programs |
|
|
What are the psychological factors that contribute to the development of obesity? |
-chronic stress -body image disparagement -binge-eating disorder -weight discrimination can lead to shame, guilt, anxiety, low self esteem |
|
|
What are the medical conditions specific to children that are associated with obesity and DO NOT impact obese adults? |
-orthopedic complications: maturing bone and cartilage are not able to withstand excessive weight -higher incidence of musculoskeletal injuries |
|
|
What are the treatment recommendations for obesity with regard to physical activity, nutrition, behavior and attitude modification? |
-portion control -spread caloric intake throughout the day -nutrient dense foods -don't drink your calories -30-45 minutes of exercise a day -get up and move 10 minutes every 2 hours |
|
|
What is the disease physiology of the following types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes, pre-diabetes, gestational diabetes, and type 2 diabetes? |
TYPE 1: autoimmune, genetic, or environmental, body's immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells, causes absolute insulin deficiency PREDIABETES: Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG), caused by relative insulin deficiency TYPE 2: prediabetes progresses to this GESTATIONAL: glucose intolerance diagnosed in some women during pregnancy
|
|
|
What are the risk factors associated with the development of type 2 diabetes in adults? |
-being overweight -metabolic syndrome (hypertension, poor lipid profile, abdominal obesity) -poor nutrition -family history -sedentary lifestyle -ethnic background -tobacco use |
|
|
What are the risk factors associated with the development of type 2 diabetes in children? |
-being overweight -specific medical conditions -poor nutrition -family history -sedentary lifestyle -ethnic background -not breastfed/breastfed less than 3 months -birth weight is small or large for gestational age |
|
|
What are the symptoms of hyperglycemia usually seen in people with type 1 diabetes? |
-frequent urination -extreme thirst or hunger -dehydration -irritability -unusual weight loss -blurred vision -life threatening symptoms: ketoacidosis |
|
|
What is the definition of acanthosis nigricans? What is the cause of AN? Of what is it a symptom? |
-brown to black velvety hyperpigmentation of the skin, usually present in the posterior and lateral folds of neck , under armpits, creases of elbows -excessive production of insulin caused by obesity and/or insulin resistance results in spillover of insulin to the skin |
|
|
What are the diagnostic criteria for the following types of diabetes: pre-diabetes, type 1 diabetes, and type 2 diabetes? |
************* |
|
|
What characteristics help to differentiate between a person with type 1 diabetes and a person with type 2 diabetes? |
Type 1: normal weight, present with high insulin antibody levels in blood, high blood glucose levels, symptoms of hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis
Type 2: usually overweight/obese, show signs of insulin resistance, blood sugars within diagnostic range but not as high as type 1, few or no insulin antibodies |
|
|
What is the definition of macrovascular complications associated with diabetes? What is the definition of microvascular complications associated with diabetes? |
Macrovascular: degneration in the function of large blood vessels (arteries and veins) Microvascular: degeneration in the function of small blood vessels (capillaries) |
|
|
Be able to recognize examples of each type of complication. |
Macrovascular: heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure Microvascular: kidney disease, retinopathy, neuropathy |
|
|
What is diabetes-related distress? With what is it associated? How long does it last? Do clinicians feel able to address it in treatment? |
Diabetes-related stress: fear of complications, immediate social and psychological burden of caring for diabetes -mean duration is 15 years -shock, guilt, anger, anxiety, depression, helplessness |
|
|
What are the self-managemet goals for effectively taking care of type 2 diabetes? |
-self-monitoring of blood glucose -therapeutic lifestyle change -weight loss of overweight patients -medical nutrition therapy -physical activity -foot self-care |
|
|
Based on the results of the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), can type 2 diabetes be prevented? |
-those in lifestyle change group decreased risk by 58% -medication group decreased risk by 31% -29% of control group developed diabetes during study -physical activity, nutrition, and stress management |
|
|
What rank in terms of risk for death does cancer pose to US adults? What does American Cancer Institute believe could prevent thousands of cases of colon, breast, and uterine cancer? |
cancer is the second leading cause of death in the USA -thousands of cases could be prevented through lifestyle changes |
|
|
What is the physiology associated with the development of cancer? |
-when genetic material is mutated, normal cell growth and division is affected -cells then do not die when they should, and form new cells when the body does not need them -extra cells may form a mass known as a tumor |
|
|
How does cancer spread? |
Metastasis: the spreading of cancer cells which occurs due to the lack of cellular cohesiveness -break away and pass through lining of lymph vessels to invade nearby tissues -new tumors are called metastases |
|
|
What are the 3 main categories related to the causes of cancer? |
1. Cancer Initiators: carcinogenic agents, cause mutational changes in the DNA of oncogenes 2. Cancer Promoters: accelerate the growth of cancer cells without affecting their DNA 3. Cancer Risk Factors: increase the chance that a person will develop cancer |
|
|
What are the risk factors associated with the development of cancer? |
-red meat & processed meats -family history -growing older -viruses and bacteria (HIV, HPV, lymphoma) -pesticides |
|
|
What preventive screenings should someone engage in to reduce their risk of developing colon cancer? When should these screenings begin? How often should they be done? |
-yearly stool blood test beginning at age 50 -sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy recommended at 5 to 10 year intervals |
|
|
What preventable risk factors increase a person's risk for colon cancer? |
-diet (high fat, low in calcium, cooking at high temperatures) -cigarette smoking |
|
|
What preventive screenings should someone engage in to reduce their risk of developing breast cancer? When should the screenings begin? How often should they be done? |
-clinical breast exam by a physician every 3 years for women age 20 to 39, and every year for women 40 years or older -starting at age 20, self breast exam -mammography every 2 years for women over 40 |
|
|
What preventable risk factors increase a woman's risk for breast cancer? |
-body weight
-physical activity level -alcohol -long-term use of menopausal therapy |
|
|
What risk factors increase a person's risk for both non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancers? |
-having many moles -family history -fair skin |
|
|
What does the acronym CAUTION stand for? Know the exact phrase associated with each letter of the acronym. |
C: Change in bowel/bladder habits A: A sore that does not heal U: Unusual bleeding or discharge T: Thickening of tissue I: Indigestion or difficulty swallowing O: Obvious change in wart/mole N: Nagging cough |
|
|
What are the 3 environmental elements we need to survive? |
food, water, air
|
|
|
What is the definition of toxicity? |
the degree to which an environmental hazard is able to damage an exposed organism -toxicity can refer to the effect on a substructure of an organism, such as a cell or organ |
|
|
What things are the effects of a dose of a hazard on an individual's body dependent upon? |
1. dose-response relationship (larger the dose, higher the hazard) 2. duration of exposure (longer the exposure, more impact it will have) 3. frequency of exposure 4. body size (smaller you are, more susceptible) |
|
|
What groups are most susceptible to environmental hazards? |
-pregnant women and their developing child -sick people with weakened immune systems -elderly people -infants and children who are still developing |
|
|
What is the definition of off-gassing? What household products produce off-gassing? |
Off-gassing: products that contain formaldehyde compounds can release formaldehyde gas into the air -plywood, particle board, wood products, upholstery, carpet glues, wallpaper, foam insulation |
|
|
What ways can we all adopt to promote clean air? |
-cut back on driving -keep car tuned up -energy efficient appliances -florescent light bulbs -adjust thermostat -promote tree growth in neighborhood -no smoking -keep houseplants |
|
|
Is the Earth's water an unlimited resource? |
water is a FINITE resource |
|
|
What is the definition of acid rain? What causes acid rain? |
-occurs when atmospheric pollutants combine with moisture in the air and fall to the earth as highly acidic rain, hail, sleet -burning coal releases sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, and others that are carried long distances through the air -motor vehicle exhausts can cause |
|
|
What are the ways you can insure safe food consumption? |
-learn how to store/cook food properly -do not leave food vulnerable to bacterial growth un-refrigerated for long periods of time -wash all fruits and vegetables -grow your own organic garden -pay attention to expiration dates -buy food that is grown without anitbiotics |
|
|
How much more plastic waste was in the waste stream in 2010 vs. 1960's? |
1960s: less than 1% 2010: 31 million tons of plastic waste, 12.4% of waste |
|
|
Based on the content of this presentation and our class discussion, what is your "just 1 thing" environmental action that you will now adopt to help protect the environment? |
**** |
|
|
How does the content of these slides support or validate the content of one of the following topics covered in the "video the story of stuff:" extraction, production, disposal |
***********
|
|
|
What are the facts of water overconsumption and the actions you can take to address each fact? |
1. more water is used in the bathroom (turn off water when brushing teeth) 2. people using more water & same amount as 100 years ago (conserve, and be mindful) 3. what's dumped on ground can make its way into water (dispose of wastes properly) |
|
|
What are the four most common treatment options used to treat cancer? |
-surgery -radiation -chemotherapy -medications |
