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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Desirable weight = weight range deemed appropriate for people, taking into consideration gender, age, and frame size
Overweight = a person’s excess fat accumulation results in body weight that exceeds desirable weight by 1-19% Obesity = a person’s body weight is 20% or more above desirable weight |
Defining Overweight and Obesity
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Increased surgical risk
Hypertension Heart disease Arthritis Stroke Type 2 diabetes Cancer Joint deterioration Fat accumulation in the abdomen (“apple” shape) is associated with greater health risks than fat accumulation in the hips (“pear” shape) |
Problems caused or complicated by obesity
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Subjective perception of how one’s body appears to oneself and others
What is today’s Western cultural standard of the ideal body? Hourglass shape? Athletic? How does it differ by gender? Body image dissatisfaction affects self-concept More women than men are dissatisfied with their weight |
Body Image
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Body mass index (BMI)
Height/weight tables Waist and hip measurement Appearance Home scale Body fat measurement Electrical impedance Bod Pod Skinfold measurements Hydrostatic weighing |
Measuring and Assessing Weight and Body Fat Composition
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A mathematical calculation based on weight and height used to determine desirable body weight
Weight (kg) ÷ [Height (m)]2 Classification Normal: 18.5-24.9 Overweight: 25.0-29.9 Obese: ≥30 Extreme obesity: ≥40 |
Body Mass Index (BMI)
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Young adult men
Normal = 10-15% Obese = >25% Young adult women Normal = 22-25% Obese = >30% |
Body Fat Measurement
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Electrical impedance: Use of a harmless electrical current to calculate percent body fat
Bod Pod: Measurement of air displacement to determine percent body fat Skinfold measurements: Measurement of the thickness of the fat layer just below the skin; used to calculate percent body fat Hydrostatic weighing: Weighing the body while it is submerged in water; used to calculate percent body fat |
Body Fat Measurement
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Calorie balance: Energy intake vs. energy output
- Intake = Output: Calorie balance - Intake > Output: Positive calorie balance Weight gain - Output > Input: Negative calorie balance Weight loss Energy needs: Basal metabolic rate (BMR) Activity requirements Thermic effect of food Genetic factors Physiological and hormonal factors - Hypothyroidism - Hypercellular obesity - Hypertrophic obesity Metabolic factors Set point Adaptive thermogenesis Family, social, and cultural factors Environmental factors - Local environment - Packaging and price - Unit bias Psychological factors |
Causes of Obesity
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Balanced diet supported by portion control
Moderate physical activity - 60 minutes/day for weight maintenance - 90 minutes/day for weight loss and maintenance Sleep Lifestyle support and problem solving Temporary calorie restriction (“dieting”) Low-calorie foods and controlled serving sizes Controlled fasting - For extreme obesity - Often in a hospital setting Formal or commercial weight reduction programs OTC drugs and herbal supplements - Ephedrine, phenylpropanolamine (now banned) - Caffeine, laxatives Prescription weight loss drugs - Phentermine - Sibutramine Fat-blocking drugs - Orlistat - Prescription Xenical - OTC Alli |
Weight Management Strategies: Lifestyle Approaches
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Gastric bypass
Gastric band Cosmetic - Liposuction - Abdominoplasty - Body wrapping |
Weight Management Strategies: Surgical Interventions
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Most eating disorders involve psychological issues as well as inappropriate food choices or eating patterns
Types/categories: Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Binge eating disorder Chewing, spitting out food syndrome Night eating syndrome Body dysmorphic disorder Bigorexia |
Eating Disorders
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Diagnostic criteria:
Body weight 15% or more below desirable weight Fear of weight gain Distorted body image In women, absence or three of more menstrual periods In men, decreased sex hormone Serious medical complications, including death Treatment: Medical and dietary interventions, psychological treatment |
Anorexia Nervosa
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Diagnostic criteria:
Binge eating two or more times/week for at least 3 months Lack of control over bingeing Inappropriate compensatory behaviors (purging) - Vomiting or use of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications - Excessive exercise - Fasting Overconcern with body image Serious medical complications Treatment: nutritional and psychological counseling, medical consultation |
Bulimia Nervosa
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Binge eating disorder
- Bingeing without compensatory purging - Use food to cope; feel out of control during binge Chewing and spitting out food syndrome Night eating syndrome Body dysmorphic disorder - Preoccupation with an imagined or slight flaw in one’s appearance Bigorexia - Muscle dysmorphia, “Adonis complex” - An obsession with getting bigger and more muscular - Thinking that your body is never muscular enough |
Other Eating Disorders
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Which of the following do anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating have in common?
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They are primarily psychological disorders
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Ashley is 5'2" and weighs 155 pounds. According to the body mass index chart, she is considered
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Overweight
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The Bod Pod determines body composition by
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measuring displaced air
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Which of the following best summarizes the set point theory?
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Each person's body regulates its use of energy to maintain a certain weight range.
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Consuming about _____ calories more than is needed results in a weight gain of one pound of fat.
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3,500
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Gastroplasty achieves its effectiveness as anti-obesity surgery by
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reducing the size of the stomach.
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Which of the following is the most effective tool for eliminating fat from the body?
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physical activity
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Bulimia nervosa is characterized by
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a binge/purge eating pattern.
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Overweight and obesity are both terms for the same thing.
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False
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Inactivity is the single most important factor leading to obesity in the United States.
(T or F) |
True
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Basal metabolic rate declines with age. (T or F)
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True
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Height/weight charts are considered the best way to determine whether body weight is acceptable. (T or F)
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False
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Researchers have established that heredity plays a major role in the development of obesity. (T or F)
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True
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Surgical procedures to treat obesity often have unpleasant side effects. (T or F)
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True
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