Peronality Psychology Exam 1

Front 1

3 Components of Personality Psychology: Psychological Triad

Back 1

Thoughts, Feelings, Behavior
How people Think.
How people Feel.
How people Behave.

Front 2

5 Main perspectives:

Back 2

Traits, Biological and Evolutionary, Psychoanalytic, Phenomenological, Learning and Cognitive Processes.

Front 3

What are Trait perspectives?

Back 3

The measurement and judgement of basic differences between people/ focus on individual differences.

Front 4

What are Biological and Evolutionary perspectives?

Back 4

Biological mechanisms (e.g., Anatomy, genetics, evolution)/ focus on physiological and genetic factors.

Front 5

Psychoanalytic perspectives:

Back 5

Unconscious mind and inner conflicts/ focus on unconscious processes.

Front 6

Phenomenological perspectives:

Back 6

Conscious awareness and inner fulfillment/ focus on subjective experience and culture.

Front 7

Learning and cognitive processes:

Back 7

Behavior change and cognitive processes(perception, memory, thought)/ focus on changes associated with experience.

Front 8

what does personality psychology highlight?

Back 8

human nature and individuality.

Front 9

Four Types of Data:

Back 9

Behavioral (directly observing the target's behavior)
Life-outcomes (Examining Real-world consequences of personality)
Informant-report ( Asking knowledgeable Informants about target)
Self-report (Asking target directly)

Front 10

The Goal of Personality Psychology: Funder's Second Law

Back 10

There are no perfect indicators of personality; there are only clues, and clues are always ambiguous.
To understand personality you need to collect types of data, and each clue is potentially flawed.

Front 11

The Goal of Personality Psychology: Funder's Third Law

Back 11

Something beats nothing, two times out of three.

Front 12

Disadvantages of Self-report data:

Back 12

Individuals may edit responses, or may not be able to accurately report on themselves.

Front 13

Advantages of Self-report data:

Back 13

Lots of information and simple ready access, truth, casual force: what people believe about themselves matters.

Front 14

Advantages of Informant Reports:

Back 14

lots of information based on real-world observations, use of common sense in making ratings, truth, casual force: reputation matters.

Front 15

Disadvantages of Informant Reports:

Back 15

Limited perspective, limited access to the internal states of targets, errors:random mistakes, biases:systematic prejudices

Front 16

Advantages of Life-Outcomes:

Back 16

Objective, important, and psychologically relevant.

Front 17

Disadvantages of Life-Outcomes:

Back 17

Life outcomes have many causes, personality traits have limited predictive success.

Front 18

Advantages of Behavioral Data:

Back 18

Unusual behaviors can be elicited in the lab, appearance of objectivity

Front 19

Disadvantages of Behavioral Data:

Back 19

Behavioral responses must be interpreted correctly..

Front 20

3 Research Designs: methods for learning about personality

Back 20

Clinical Approach, Correlational Approach, Experimental Approach.

Front 21

Clinical Approach:
Clinical Method:

Back 21

i) in-depth study of an individual or small group.
ii) associations between two naturally occurring variables.

Front 22

Quality of Data
1) Reliability:
2) Validity:
3) Generalizability:

Back 22

1) refers to the stability/repeatability of measurements
2) refers to the degree to which a measurement actually measures what it is trying to measure.
3) is a broader concept that subsumes both reliability and validity, & it refers to the kinds of other measurements to which a given measurement is related.

Front 23

Case Study Method:

Back 23

in-depth study of ONE person
full picture of personality.
(clinical approach)

Front 24

Open ended interview:

Back 24

One-on-One conversation
time consuming, expensive
depends on interviewer skill
(clinical approach)

Front 25

Analysis of personal documents:

Back 25

written or spoken material that reflect personality
(clinical approach)

Front 26

Experimental Approach:

Back 26

systematic, controlled method to assess causal relationships.
experimenter creates 2 or more levels or conditions of an independent variable, random participants (treatment v. no treatment), experimenter compares the affects of treatment v. no treatment.

Front 27

Correlational Approach:

Back 27

Look at the association between things(how 2 variables "go together)
Measure each variable in many people, see if changes in one variable are accompanied by changes in the second variable, use scatter plots to visualize relations, use the correlation coefficient to quantify relations.

Front 28

Rule of Thumb for Correlations:

Back 28

+/-.10 is small
+/-.30 is medium
+/-.50 is large
use with care because they simply provide a loose framework for thinking about size of correlations

Front 29

What is a Type I error??

Back 29

AKA false positive, occurs when a statistical test rejects a true null hypothesis. Example: if a null hypothesis states a patient is healthy, and patient is healthy, but the test rejects this hypothesis, falsely suggesting the patient sick. the rate of the type I error is denoted by the greek letter Alpha and usually equals the significance level(or size) of a test.

Front 30

What is a Type II error??

Back 30

AKA False negative, when the test fails to reject a false null hypothesis. Example: Null hypothesis states a patient is healthy, but patient is sick, test fails to reject hypothesis, falsely suggesting that the patient is healthy. The rate of the type II error is denoted by Beta and related to the power of a test (which equals 1-Beta)

Front 31

What are the Research Ethics???

Back 31

Not to harm participants.
Promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness.
Respect the dignity and rights of individuals.

Front 32

When is deception permissible?

Back 32

The research is important.
no alternatives.
no forseeable harm to participants.

Front 33

Person-situation Debate
Situationist argument:

Back 33

1) The ability of traits to predict behavior is extremely LIMITED.
2) Situations more important than personality traits for determining what people do.
3) personality assessment a waste of time, and people's intuition about each other are wrong.

Front 34

Person-situation Debate
Response:

Back 34

improve research
search for moderators
recognize .40 coefficients are important/better outcomes.
recognize situational effects are not typically larger.

Front 35

Personality Traits affect _I____ _L_ 0_____ including ____,_____, _______&______.

Back 35

important life outcomes including health, longevity, interpersonal and career success

Front 36

interactionism(resolution of the person-situation debate)

Back 36

traits and situations work together
traits channel people into particular situations
traits evoke responses from others and shape situations

Front 37

2 personality Tests:

Back 37

Projective & Objective

Front 38

What are projective tests:

Back 38

interpret ambiguous stimuli(inkblot)
Person projects their personality onto vague test. answers come from her needs, feelings, experience, thought process.
ALL produce Behavior data
examples: Thematic Apperception Test(TAT)
Rorschach inkblot test

Front 39

What are objective tests:

Back 39

Yes/no, true/false, numeric scale
questions may be interpreted to mean different things, differences in how people answer questions.
give people many items related to concept and obtain scores.

Front 40

how do we construct objective tests? (3 ways)

Back 40

Start with a theory (Rational method)
Start with some data(Factor analytic method)
Start with known groups(empirical method)

Front 41

Rational method:

Back 41

obtain items that seem obviously related to what the researcher is measuring.
Objective test construction

Front 42

Research Design:

Back 42

technique used to maximize the generalizability of research results.

Front 43

Binomial Effect Size Display BESD:

Back 43

Best way to evaluate research results.
describes numerically the degree to which one variable is related to another.
Correlation Coefficient be evaluated with the BESD= .30 =30.0 DIVIDE by 2=15 add 70=85

Front 44

Most Important Thing to Know about a personality Assessment.

Back 44

The degree to which it is right or wrong. Evaluations of professional personality judgments or personality tests are said to appraise their validity, whereas evaluations of amateur judgments generally use the term Accuracy.

Front 45

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory MMPI projective test

Back 45

Provide S-Data.
Test asks you about yourself, score is a summary of how you describe yourself.

Front 46

Implicit Association Test IAT projective test

Back 46

measures how quickly participants respond to instructions to discriminate between terms that apply to "me" or to "others"
Shows B-data

Front 47

Thematic Apperception Test(TAT) projective test

Back 47

asks clients to tell a story about a set of pictures of people and ambiguous events.
The ONLY projective test consistently scored.
Measure implicit Motives(needs).(motivations concerning need for achievement, intimacy, power)

Front 48

implicit Motives

Back 48

motivations concerning achievement, intimacy, power

Front 49

Factor Analytic Method:

Back 49

identify groups of things that seem alike.
Objective test construction

Front 50

Empirical Method:

Back 50

Yield B data.
is an attempt to allow reality to speak for itself.
Objective test construction

Front 51

Consequences of everyday judgements of personality:

Back 51

create self-fulfilling prophecies or expectancy effects

Front 52

4 variables that affect the likelihood of accurate personality judgment:

Back 52

1) the good judge, some judges are more accurate.
2) good target, possibility that some are easier to judge than others.
3) good trait, possibility that some traits are easier to judge accurately.
4) good information. possibility that more or better info about the target makes accurate judgment.

Front 53

Accurate Personality judgement research leads to R____ A____ M_____

Back 53

realistic accuracy model:
describes accuracy as a function of the Relevance, Availability, Detection, and Utilization of behavioral cues.

Front 54

4 basic approaches to the study of Traits.

Back 54

1. The single Trait approach.
2. the many trait approach.
3. the essential trait approach.
4. typological approaches to personality.

Front 55

Study Of Traits: Single trait approach:

Back 55

Focus on one particular trait of personality and its consequences for behavior.
used to study authoritarianism, conscientiousness, self-monitoring.

Front 56

Study of Traits: The many trait approach.

Back 56

Relationship between a particular behavior and as many different traits as possible.
Test used California Q-Sort: assesses different traits at once.

Front 57

study of traits: essential trait approach:

Back 57

focus on 5 most important traits.
agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, extraversion, and openness.

Front 58

study of traits: typological approaches to personality

Back 58

focus on different kinds of people.

Front 59

cumulative continuity principle: personality development over the life span:

Back 59

consistency present in childhood by increases in adulthood.