Peripheral Nervous System

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Peripheral Nervous System is a

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link between central nervous system and the rest of the body

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All sensory and motor information is carried by the

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PNS

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The PNS consists of

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12 spinal and 31 cranial nerves

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The PNS contains

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sell bodies and axons of sensory and motor neurons of ANS

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PNS contains cell bodies of

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somatic sensory neurons

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31 pairs of spinal nerves are connected

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to the spinal cord

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8 cranial nerve pairs

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C1 through C8

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12 thoracic nerve pairs

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T1-T12

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5 lumbar nerve pairs

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L1-L5

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5 sarcral nerve pairs

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S1 through S5

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Cauda Equina describes

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the appearance of the lower end of the spinal cord and its spinal nerves as a horse tail

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Caudia Equina starts at

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L1

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Structures of the spinal nerve emerges

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from spinal cord by dorsal and ventral roots

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Ventral (anterior) root

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Motor neurons that carry information from the CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands, no ganglia as cell bodies are located in gray matter of spinal cord

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Dorsal (posterior) root

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contains a ganglion in which cell bodies of sensory neuron is contained

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All spinal nerves are

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mixed nerves because they contain both motor and sensory fibers

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Ramus are

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branches formed after each spinal nerve emerges from the spinal cavity

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Dorsal Ramus

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supplies somatic motor and sensory fobers to smaller nerves that innervate the muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the head, neck, and trunk

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Ventral Ramus

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autonomic motor fibers split and head to a ganglion of the sympathetic chain

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Motor ande sensory (autonomic and somatic) are

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innervate muscles and glands in the extremities and lateral and ventral portions of neck and trunk

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Plexuses

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ventral rami of most spinal nerves excepts T2-T12 subdive to form complex networks

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Four major pairs of plexuses

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Cervical plexus, Brachial plexus, lumbar plexus and sacral plexus

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Cervical plexus

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located deep within the neck, made up of c1 through c4 and a branch of c5; innervate the muscles and skin of the neck, upper shoulders and part of the head; Phrenic Nervie exits the cervical plexus and innervates the diaphragm

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Brachial plexus

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lacated deep within the shoulder; made up of c5 - t1 and innervate the power part of the shoulder and the entire arm

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Lumbar plexus

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lacated in the lumbar region of the back in the psoas muscle; formed by fiber of l1 through l4; femoral nerve exits the lumbar plexus devides into many branches and supplies the thigh and leg

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Sacral plexus and coccygeal plexus

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located in pelvic cavity formed by l4 through s4 and supply the skin of leg, posterior thigh muscles (sciatic nerve) and leg and foot muscles

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Dermatome

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region of skin surface area supplied by afferent sensory fibers of the given spinal nerve

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Myotome

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skeletal muscles supplied by efferent motor fobers of a given spinal nerve

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Twelve pairs of crainal nerves connect tot he brain mostley by

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brainstem

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Crainal nerves are made up of

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mixed crainal nerv-axons of sensory and motor neurons; sensory crainal nerve - axons of sensory neurons only; motor crainal nerve -sxons of motor neurons

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Olfactory nerve (I)

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sensory= sense of smell

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Optice Nerve (II)

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sensory = vision

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Oculomotor nerve (III)

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motor= eye movement, regulate pupil size, near vision accommodation, extrinic-intrinic eye muscle

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Trochlear nerve (IV)

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motor= chewing (muscles of mastication) sensory= teeth, face and head

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Abducens nerve (VI)

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motor=eye movement (eye abduction)

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Facal nerve (VII)

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sensory= taste anterior 2/3 of tongue, motor= muscles of facial expresion, saliva tear secretion

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Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

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sensory= hearing (cochlear nerve) and balance (vestibular nerve)

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Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

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sensory=pharynx and tast posterior 1/3 of tonlgue and fellings of tongue; motor= swalling movements, saliva secretion reflex control of blood pressure and respirations (carotid sinus)

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Vagus nerve (X)

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sensory= pharnyx, larynx, trachea, heart carotid, body, lungs, bronchi, esophagus, stomach, small intestinges, gallbladder

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Accessory nerve (XI)

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motor= neck muscles Vagus, trapezius/SCM - shoulder & head movements, muscles of thoracic & abdominal viscera, pharynx & larynx - movements of visera

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Hypoglaossal nerve (XII)

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motor - muscles of the tongue

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Somatic motor nervous system includes

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all voluntary motor pathways outside CNS

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Somatic effectors=

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skeletal muscles

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Somatic reflexes=

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action resulting from nerve impulse passing over reflex arc, response to stimulus=contraction of skeletal muscles

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Somatic reflexes are of clinical interest, they deviate in certain diseases so

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used as diagnostic aid

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Somatic reflexes of clinical importance

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Knee jerk, ankle jerk, babinski, plantar, corneal & abdominal reflexes

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Knee Jerk

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extension of leg due to tapping on patellar tendon

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ankle jerk

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extension of foot in response to tapping on the achillies tendon

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babinski reflex

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extension of the big toe in response to stimulation of lateral margin of foot; present in infants until 18 months old (fibers not yet mylenated)

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Plantar reflex

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plantar flexion in all toes and slight inversion in response to stimulation of outer edge of sole

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corneal reflex

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winking in response to touching of cornea

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abdominal reflex

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drawing in abdominal wall in response to stroking sides of abdomen

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Autonomic Nervous System contains

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afferent & efferent

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ANS carries

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fibers to & from autonmic effectors

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ANS functions

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regulate heartbeat, smooth muscle contractions, glandar secretions, metabolic flunctions to maintain homeostasis

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2 efferent divisions of ANS

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sympathetic & parasystempathetic

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ANS most effectors are

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dully innervated, allows precise control of effectors

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ANS operates on

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an involuntary basis and w/o consciou control

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ANS coordinates funtions of

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viseral organs such as the cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and visceral organs

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Sympathetic-

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thoracolumbar division

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Parasympathetic-

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craniosacrial division

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Function of ANS

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regulate visceral effectors in ways that tend to maintain or quickly restore homeostasis

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Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are

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tonically active often exerting antagonistic influences on viseral effectors

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doubly innervated effectors continually receive both

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sympathetic and parasympoathetic impulses; summation of the 2 determines the controlling effect

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Functions of sysmpathetic division

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under resting condition, the division can act to maintain the normal functioning of doubly innervated autonmic effectors; sympathetic impulses function to maintain normal tone of the smooth muscle in blood vessel walls and major function of sympathetic division is as an emergency eyetme the fight or flight reaction

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Function of the parasympathetic division

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dominant controller of most autonomic effectors most of the time; acetylcholine slows the heartbeat amd promotes digestin and elimination