• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/108

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

108 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the two major classes ectoderm derivatives are divided into?
Surface ectoderm and neuroectoderm
What does surface ectoderm give rise to?
epidermis and derivatives, anterior pituitary, cornea and lens of the eye
What does neuroectoderm give rise to?
The neural tube- central nervous system
The neural crest- peripheral nervous system
What does mesoderm give rise to?
cartilage, bone, connective tissue, striated and smooth muscle, heart, blood and lymph vessels and cells, serous membranes lining body cavities, the spleen and adrenal cortex.
Endoderm gives rise to?
epithelial parts of trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
Epithelium of G.I. tract, bladder, liver, and pancreas.
Epithelial parts of Pharynx, Thyroid, auditory tube, tonsils, and parathyroid glands.
All blood cells arise from undifferentiated __________.
mesenchymal cells.
The most immature blood cells are usually the largest/smallest.
Largest; graduallly become smaller as the cell matures.
The nucleus of the pimitive blood cells is relatively ?
Large; cell's nucleus decreases in size and becomes darker due to heterochromatin as it matures.
The cytoplasm of immature blood cells is a deep blue color due to the presence of ?
abundant ribosomes; with the synthesis of various secretory products, such as hemoglobin, and lysosomes, the cytoplasm shifts colors.
Primitive cells increase in size during ___1__ and then decrease during _______2.
1. mitosis
2. maturation
Water makes up what percentage of blood plasma?
91.5%
What blood protein is the smallest?
albumin
What blood protein is responsible for a considerable amount of blood colloid osmotic pressure(BCOP)?
albumin
Which blood proteins are produced by the liver?
ALL
Which blood protein is the most numerous?
albumin
What happens to nucleoli during blood cell maturation?
It disappears as the metabolism slows.
What blood protein is responsible for transport of lipids (via HDL), vitamin B12, thyroid hormones, and cortisol? Be specific.
Globulins, specifically the alpha globulins.
Which blood protein is responsible for transport of lipids (via LDL and VLDL), and iron? Be specific
Globulins, speficially the beta globulins.
**Transferrin transports iron**
Which globulins are produced by plasma cells?
gamma globulins or immunoglobulins. IgG (antibodies)
Which blood protein plays and essential role in blood clotting (blood clotting factor 1)? What is clotting factor 2?
Fibrinogen-1
Prothrombin-2
What kind of regulatory substances are found in the blood plasma?
enzymes(made by body cells), hormones(made by endocrine glands), complement proteins(made in liver)
What are the three main gases found in blood plasma?
O2, CO2, and N2. CO2 is dissolved in plasma, O2 carried by hemeoglobin, and N2 has no known function.
Which integral membrane protein binds to ankyrin and then to spectrin and helps create a network under the entire cytoplasmic surface of the membrane?
Band 3
Which protein anchors spectrin to the membrane by its binding to Band 3?
Ankyrin; spectrin is also bound by a second mechanism through the protein band 4.1.
What is the pH of blood
7.4
Blood is an isotonic solution with an osmolarity of 285 mOsm/L. The volume of blood is?
5-6 liters; 7-8% body weight
Blood is what kind of tissue?
specialized connective tissue
Of the 45% formed elements, what are the percentages of RBC's and WBC's?
44% RBC
1% WBC and platelets
Fibrinogen is converted to what during clotting?
fibrin
If blood is spun via a centrifuge what three layers show and what is there composition?
Top=Plasma 55%
Middle=Buffy coat 1%
Bottom=RBC's 45%
Name three blood functions?
transport, regulation, protection
Name 5 plasma functions:
1. temp regulation
2. transport of nutrients and wastes
3. transport of hormones and thus a coordinator of body functions
4. transport of defense cells
5. reacting to pH and osmotic tension of tissues
The fluid portion that remains after a clot formation is called ____.
serum
The cellular components of blood include?
erythrocytes, thrombocytes, and leukocytes.
Only what two things function within the confines of the vascular system.
RBC's and platelets
RBC levels above 60% hematocrit is termed:
below 30%:
Polycythemia above 60% and anemia below 30.
T or F; Red blood cells have a nucleus.
2. Platelets have a nucleus
3. White blood cells have a nucleus
4. bi-concave discs function to increase surface area
1. False; anucleate
2. false; anucleate
3. true
4. true; for gaseous exchange
What two things could happen to be diagnosed with anemia?
1. Decreased number of red blood cells
2. normal number of RBC's but reduced amount of hemeoglobin
How do RBC's fufill their energy requirements?
Glycolytic pathway and hexose monophosphate shunt.
What is the main peripheral membrane protein associated with the cytoskeleton of RBC's?
Spectrin
What protein in RBC's carries oxygen?
hemeglobin (Hb)
What reaction does carbonic anhydrase catalyze?
Carbon dioxide + water = carbonic acid;
carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate + H
What is the principal form carbon dioxide is transported in the blood to the lungs?
bicarbonate
What protein facilitates the crossing of bicarbonate into and out of the RBC?
Band 3; coupled anion transporter, exchanges chloride for bicarbonate; also known as the chloride shift
RBC's contain glycolipids and glycogproteins in the PM that can trigger immune reactions, what is clinically significant about this?
Creates the basis for ABO blood group system
RBC's can form stacks called
rouleaux
What is the life span of a RBC?
120 days; macrophages in spleen digest old RBC's.
Where do platelets originate from?
megakaryocytes
What is the structure of hemoglobin?
4 heme molecules and one globin.
What allows the RBC to withstand great shear forces of blood flow and remain pliable?
the underlying cytoskeleton (spectrin, actin, ankyrin, band 3 and 4.1 etc)
The thick central region of a platelet is called ?; the outer lighter staining portion is the ?
Granulomere composed of granules, mitochondria, and glycogen;
Hyalomere containing a marginal bundle of microtubules which help maintain shape.
What part of the platelets structure is involved in platelet adhesion?
Cell coat rich in GAG's and glycoproteins
What is the job of platelets?
promote blood clotting and help repair gaps in the walls of blood vessels, preventing blood loss.
1. Small lambda granules of platelets are?
2. delta granules?
3. larger purple alpha granules?
1. lysosomes
2. dense bodies that take up serotinin from plasma
3. contain several biologically active substances that help in blood clotting.
What is the importance of serotonin uptake of platelets?
released serotonin causes smooth muscle contraction in damaged blood vessels, reducing blood loss.
A system of channels in platelets that connect to the PM and facilitate the discharge of secretory products upon activation of the platelets.
open canalicular system
Irregular tubes of the platelet that contain an electron-dense material and are probably remnants of the ER and have no functional significance.
Dense tubular system
What three active substances are in the large purple alpha granules of platelets? Functions?
1. Von Willebrand factor- facilitates adhesion of platelets to collagen in a damaged vessel's wall

also contains fibrinogen
2. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)- stimulates fibroblast and smooth muscle proliferation.
3. Thromboplastin- in presence of calcium, converts prothrombin to thrombin.
Platelets seal off bleeding vessels with a _______, then by initiating local coagulation, produce a more permanent seal, a ______.
-platelet plug
-blood clot
What are the two subgroups of leukocytes?
Granular and agranular leukocytes
What are the three types of granular leukocytes?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and basophils
What are the two types of agranular leukocytes?
lymphocytes and monocytes
What are the relative percentages of each type of leukocyte?
Neutorphil-60
Lymphocyte-30
Monocyte-6
Eosinophil-3
basophil-1
what type of granules are present in the granulocytes?
Specific granules and azurophilic granules
what type of granules are present in agranular leukocytes?
Azurophilic granules only
What are the azurophilic granules known to be?
lysosomes
What characteristic about a neutrophil gives reference about its age?
the number of nuclear lobes; the more there are, the older it is
The neutorphil plasmalemma posesses receptors for what two things?
Fc Receptors for IgG and complement receptors
Describe the nucleus of a neutorphil.
Lobed nucleus; usually 3 lobes ranges from 2-5.
What line of defense is a neutorphil?
1st line of defense; main phagocytic cell.
What is the prime function of a neutrophil?
phagocytosis of bacteria
What do specific granules contain and what are the functions of these contents?
1. lactoferrin- avidly binds iron; since iron is a crucial element in bacterial nutrition, lack of available iron causes bacterial death
2. lysozyme- breaks down the cell wall of some gram-positive bacteria causing their death
What do azurphilic granules contain?
Acid Phosphatase, lysozyme, cationic antibacterial proteins, and myeloperoxidase.
What does myeloperoxidase do?
Reacts with hydrogen peroxide to generate (hypochlorite) potent bacterial killing oxidants.
What is the role of the cationic antibacterial proteins?
several cationic proteins collectively called phagocytins have nonenzymatic antibacterial activity binding and inhibiting the replication of bacteria.
Which granules function in both the destruction of parasitic worms and in the hydrolysis of antigen-antibody complexes.
azurophilic granules
Characterized by bilobed nucleus and bright orange-red granules.
Eosinophils
Eosinophils contain crystals with what protein inside?
Major basic protein (MBP)
Eosinophils contain receptors for IgE and complement proteins; they also contain what enzymes(in specific granules)?
histaminase- inactivates the initiators of the inflammatory response, helping to prevent leaky blood vessels.
Aryl sulfatase, superoxides and hydrogen peroxide.
What type of receptors to basophils have?
IgE
What is the role of eosinophils?
Anti-inflammatory effects and destruction of parasitic worms
What to basophil granules contain?
histamine and heparin sulfate, they also produce leukotrienes, which induce vascular permeability and eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF)
Basophils have a active role in what type of reaction?
Allergic reactions
What two major groups are lymphocytes divided into?
T cells and B cells.
Upon leaving the blood stream monocytes become what?
macrophages
Cellular elements of blood are studied using smears not tissue sections and are usually stained with what?
Wright's stain
What are the different percents of circulating lymphcytes?
80%-T
15%-B
What are the two types of bone marrow and where are they found?
Yellow-long bones of adult
Red- axial skeleton; spinous process of vertebra, sternum, posterior and anterior iliac spine (in the infant's tibia)
What pigment makes yellow bone marrow yellow?
carotene
What cells produce the reticular fibers produced in the red bone marrow stroma
reticular cells
Name some types of reticular cells?
Adventitial reticular cell- sits ouutside of sinusoids for support.
Fat-filled reticular cells
What type of development is it when blood cells develop in bone marrow and then go to the cardiovascular system?
Extravascular development
Name some of the stromal cells?
Why are the fibroblasts present?
macrophages, reticular cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells.
Fibroblasts are only present to make growth factors.
What protein is responsible for adhesion of forming red blood cells? white blood cells?
RBC-fibronectin
WBC-hemonectin
What are some components of the ECM of the hematopoetic compartment?
Reticular fibers, laminin, fibronectin, hemonectin, GAG's(hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, heparan sulfate)
Describe pre-natal hematopoiesis.
Begins in the yolk-sac mesoderm.
6 weeks-> liver
3 months-> spleen
4 months-> bone marrow
Describe the vascular and hematopoietic compartments.
Vascular-centrally directed branches deliver their blood to the extensive network of large sinusoids. The veins arteries and sinusoids form the vascular compartment, and the intervening spaces are filled with islands of hemopoietic cells that merge with each other, forming the hemopoietic compartment.
How do new blood cells gain acess to the vascular compartment?
The cells get pushed toward the sinusoids. They push on endothelial cells until the endothelial plasma membrane fuses creating a trans-migration pore. The cells enter through these pores.
Describe platelet formation.
Platelets are formed from megakaryocytes. Megakaryocytes are located next to sinusoids, into which they protrude their cytoplasmic processes. These cytoplasmic processes fragment along complex, narrow invaginations of the plasmalemma, known as demarcation channels, into clusters of proplatelets. Shortly after proplatelets are released, they disperse into individual platelets.
True or False:
1. Stem cells are capable of self-renewal
2. progenitor cells aren't committed to a single cell lineage
3. Precursor cells are capable of self-renewal
1.True
2.False, are commited to a single cell lineage
3.False; incapable of self-renewal
Given the DIM, What is the FPM?
1. CFU-Eo
2. CFU-Bas
3. CFU-GM
4. CFU-Meg
5. BFU-E->CFU-E
1.Eosinophils
2.basophils
3.neutrophils and monocytes
4.megakaryocytes
5.erythrocytes
Name the four main groups of hematopoietic growth factors.
1.Cytokines : 1)interleukins and 2)colony-stimulating factors
3.Erythropoietin (EPO)
4.Thrombopoietin (TPO)
What is the role of interluekins?
Interluekins (IL-1, IL-3, IL-6) stimulate stem cells.
What is the role of CSF?
Stimulate the progenitor cells
What is the role of EPO?
activates erythropoiesis(by stimulating CFU-E; source is peritubular capillaries of kidney in response to hypoxia
What is the role of TPO?
Stimulates platelet production, source is liver.
BFU-E divides _____ in healthy individuals and _____ upon trauma.
slow-health
fast- trauma
Malignant clones of WBC precurosr's. In lymphoid tissue? in bone marrow?
Leukemias
lymphocytic leukemia
myelocytic leukemia