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124 Cards in this Set

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Who firmly believed that the Southern states could not constitutionally leave the US, and therefore never actually did?
Lincoln
What did Lincoln's 10% Plan entail?
In any state, if a number equal to 10 percent of those voting in the 1860 election took a pledge of loyalty to the Union, they could set up state government
what must a state also do under Lincoln's 10% plan along with taking an oath to apply for state government?
Ratify the 13th amendment
What did Congress pass instead of Lincolns 10% Plan? How did it differ from Lincolns plan?
Wade-Davis Bill; required a majority vote (vs 10%) to regain statehood
Where was Lincoln assassinated and by who?
Ford's Theater; John Wilkes Booth
What did booth and his conspirators originally planned to do the Lincoln instead of killing him?
Kidnap him and exchange them for Confederate POWs
Besides killing Lincoln, what did booths conspirators also plan to do on the same night?
Kill Vice President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State Seward in order to inspire the south to rally up again
What was Andrew Johnson's main goal as president?
Poor white yeoman farmers (like Jackson and Jefferson)
Why was Andrew Johnson chosen as Lincoln's VP?
Lincoln wanted to appeal to the South, and Johnson was the only senator from a Confederate state to remain loyal to the Union
Who had the complete opposite goals of Johnson (education, free homesteads, poor whites)?
Radical Republicans (free blacks' rights
Why was Johnson considered his own worst enemy during the Reconstruction Era?
He favored both states' rights and a white supremacist
Who were the leaders of the Radicals? What did they want?
Stevens and Sumner; immediate and full rights for blacks
When did Johnson implement his Reconstruction Plan?
While Congress was in recess
How did Johnson's and Lincoln's reconstruction plans differ?
The same except Johnson's required no % vote
What were the only three states to not ratify the 13th Amendment by the end of 1865?
Texas, Mississippi, and Kentucky
How did Johnson go against his own reconstruction plan?
By allowing Texas, Mississippi, and Kentucky to enter back into the Union even though they hadn't yet ratified the 13th Amendment
Why did many Republicans find it difficult to accept Johnson's reconstruction?
Blacks would be counted as a whole person, shifting the power balance and giving the Democrats more control in the House
What did Southern governments do in response to Johnson's Plan? What did it do?
Enacted the Black Codes; aimed at keeping blacks in as near a state of bondage as possible
What were some of the restrictions placed on African Americans under the Black Codes?
- Could not testify against whites
- Could not hold a meeting without the presence of a white
- Some (Miss) required freedmen to sign a year-long labor contract
What was the Freedman's Bureau?
Helped newly freed slaves and poor whites by providing emergency food, housing, education, and medical aid
Why did Johnson veto the Freedman's Bureau?
Helped blacks as well as poor whites, which he didn't want to do
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1866 do?
- Declared blacks citizens (rejected Dred Scott decision)
- Abolished the Black Codes
What was the significance of the Civil Rights Act on a Congressional level?
Johnson vetoed Bill, Congress override it for first time in history
Why did some Northerners start to resist the Radicals and their influence?
Radicals were demanding not only equal rights but extra rights for blacks, like protection for their right to vote; contradicted American value of equality and individuality
What did the 14th amendment do?
- Defined citizenship equal protection under the law (gave blacks citizenship)
- Reduced the powers of the states
Who did the 14th amendment not apply to?
Native Americans
How did the 14th amendment seek to undermine Johnson's reconstruction plan?
By barring former Confederate officials from any state or federal office unless pardoned by 2/3 majority in the House (Johnson's plan pardoned them if they swore an oath of loyalty)
What did the Reconstruction Acts do?
- Eliminated the state governments set up in the South under Johnson's plan
- divided former Confederacy into 5 military disctricts
- Required states to adopt new constitution guaranteeing Black rights
What prompted the KKK to become violent?
The Reconstruction Acts
What did the Tenure Office Act do?
Prohibited the president from removing officials who had been appointed with the consent of the Senate without first obtaining Senate approval
On what crimes did Congress attempt to impeach Johnson?
High crimes and misdemeanors
Did the Senate fail or succeed in impeaching Johnson?
Failed by a single vote
Who did the Republicans nominate as their candidate for the 1868 election?
Ulysses S. Grant
What group of people granted Grant his win the 1868 election?
African Americans (500,000)
What did the 15th amendment do?
Prohibited states from denying anoyone the right to vote
Who was outraged at the 15th amendment and actively opposed its passage?
Feminists like Stanton and Anthony
Which amendments are considered the Reconstruction Amendments?
13, 14, and 15
What is a scalawag?
Southern whites who were willing to cooperate with Republicans because they accepted the results of the war and wished to advance their own interests
What is a carpetbagger?
Northerners who went South to help the freed slaves as employees of the government or as settlers hoping to improve themselves
When were "Black Republican" governments created?
After the Restruction Acts were put into place
What was an accomplishment of the Black Republican governments? What was a failure?
- Provided for universal male suffrage
- State governments were accused of being corrupt
Who came up with the 40 Acres and a Mule plan (redistribution of land from planters to freed slaves)? Was it ever passed?
Thaddeus Stevens; no
What was sharecropping?
Agreement usually between African American and their former master where planter provided housing and work supplies in exchange for labor; crop was divided between them, usually 50-50
What was the Crop Lien system?
System in which farmers could receive food, supplies, seed, etc. under a credit system and pay the debt back after the Crop was harvested and sold
Who used the Union League of America to mobilize the African American vote?
Southern whites Republicans
Why were terrorist societies like the KKK and the White league created, and by who?
to counter the Union League; rebellious Southerners (Democrats)
Who/what monitored Indian Affairs?
The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
What was the main problem with the BIA?
Its agents systematically cheated the Natives and were corrupt
What was the the name of George Custer's troops?
The 7th Calvary
What was Custer like?
Vain, arrogant, glory seeker
What happened at the Battle of Little Big Horn?
Custer and his 264 men were slaughtered in 20 mins by 2,500 Sioux warriors
What was the general mentality about how to get rid of the unwanted Indians in the West?
"Kill the buffalo; kill the Indian"
Famous phrase
Why was the Carlisle School (PA) created?
To detribalize Indian children and prepare them for integration into American life
What is the significance of the year 1890?
It was the last time there was a conflict between Native Americans and the US government
Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee
Who wrote A Century of Dishonor, and what was it about?
Helen Hunt Jackson; portrayed state and federal Indian policy in an extremely negative light, recounted our history of broken treaties
What prompted the Dawes Severality Act?
A Century of Dishonor, and the claims it made about the government
What did the Dawes Severality Act do? Why was it passed?
Divided former Indian lands into individual tracts of 160 acres to be farmed; as a way to civilize Natives and turn them into self-supporting farmers
Who was given the best land under the Dawes Severality Act? Who was given the worst?
Land speculators; Native Americans
Was the Dawes Severality Act a success or failure?
Tremendous failure
What factor was responsible for many of the western states entering the Union?
Gold and silver rushes
What is "salting" and how was it used to cheat investors?
Shotgun shells were filled with gold pellets, which were shot into the cielings of empty mines, but gave the appearance of bountiful profit
Where was the Comstock Lode located?
Virginia City, Nevada
How did mines help the American people?
Accelerated political organization of the West and improved the financial position for American trade
Were people more successful or not successful when attempting to farm the Great Plains under the Homestead Act?
Not successful more often the not (80% failed)
Despite the intent of the Homestead Act, who usually managed to obtain large tracts of land?
Land speculators and railroad companies
What was Grant's greatest success during his presidency?
The Force Acts
Under what act were troops dispatched to areas where the KKK was strong in order to quell the violence?
The Force Acts
What was one result of the Force Acts?
Northerners were no longer willing to support the Army in the south and northerners also lost interest in reconstruction after the panic of 1837
What was started by the Panic of 1873?
10 years of economic depression
What was the Crédit Mobilier?
A railroad scandal in which insiders gave stock to influential members of Congress to avoid investigation of the profits they were making
Who were Republican and Democrat candidates for the 1876 election?
R: Hayes
D: Tilden
What happened during the election of 1876?
Tilden had 184 electoral votes and needed 1 more to become president, Hayes needed 20; SC, Louisiana, and Florida staged recounts and determined Hayes the winner
How was the election of 1876 decided?
By an electoral commission (NOT HoR)
What were the results of the election of 1876?
- Commission gave all 20 electoral votes to Hayes
- Northern Democrats vowed to fight the results
- Southern Democrats said they were willing to agree if Hayes would remove the remaining troops and allow the south to manage its own affairs
What were the terms of the Compromise of 1877?
- Hayes recalled the last troops from South Carolina and Louisiana in April
-at least 1 southerner in Hayes' cabinet
-a second Transcontinental Railroad to be constructed in the south
-legislation aimed at helping to industrialize the southern states
What were the results of the Compromise of 1877?
-The South remained solidly Democrat for the next 100 years
-Reconstruction was over and whites asserted their dominance over the newly freed slaves
-African Americans are condemned to poverty and discrimination at the expense of sectional harmony
Who came up with the term The Gilded Age? What was it?
Mark Twain; A time extravagant wealth and political / corporate corruption and greed (Americans tolerated this corruption so long as it didn't interfere with their pursuit of profit)
What is lackluster and when did we experience it?
A series of weak presidents; from Johnson to McKinley @ end of 19th century
What factors created differences between the Democrat and Republican parties?
- Religious affiliation
- Geographic location
- Ethnic background
What was "Waving the Bloody Shirt"?
A political tactic that consisted of reminding the northern states that the men behind the Confederacy in the Civil War were Democrats and should they come to power, they would undo everything the Republicans had done
What were the 4 political issues of the Gilded Age?
1. Veterans' pensions
2. Tariffs
3. Currency reform
4. Patronage or Civil Service
How did southern states start to attempt to disenfranchise African Americans after Reconstruction?
- Poll taxes
- Literary tests (whites had a loophole)
- Grandfather Clause: exempted sons and grandsons of those eligible to vote before 1867 (whites) from the voting restrictions
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1867 do?
Guaranteed that everyone, regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, was entitled to the same treatment in public accommodations
What was the significance of the Civil Rights Cases?
Declared the Civil Rights Act to be unconstitutional, said 14th amendment only applied to state actions and could not be used to regulate the behavior of private individuals or private organizations
What did Jim Crow laws do?
Established separate but equal facilities for whites and blacks
What is the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson?
Court ruled that even in places of public accommodation segregation was legal as long as facilities were equal (legalized Jim Crow laws)
What did scientists believe about African Americans?
They were inferior beings; racial intellectual capacity could be judged by measuring the cranial capacity, hence a larger skull meant a larger brain and vice versa
Who was Booker T. Washington?
A former slave who founded the Tuskegee School in Alabama and and delivered the Atlanta Compromise
What did the Atlanta Compromise state?
- Don't fight segregation and second-class citizenship
-African Americans must accommodate themselves to white prejudices
-concentrate on vocational education (trades)
-progress up the economic and social ladder would come from self improvement
What region accounted for 90% of all lynchings?
The South
Who was Ida Wells-Barnett?
An African American journalist/activist; led an anti-lynching crusade
Why were horses so important to the Plains Indians?
- Easier to hunt buffalo
- Easier to move around
Who occupied nearly 50% of the US (WEST of the Mississippi)?
Native Americans
What happened at the Sand Creek Massacre?
Nearly 450 Cheyenne were murdered by Colonel John Chivington and his Colorado militia with no provocation
What forever changed the relationship between Whites and Native Americans?
Gold
What is 'concentration'?
A policy that was designed to cut down on intertribal warfare and to enable the government to negotiate separately with each tribe
Who owned bonanza farms?
White men only
What were bonanza farms?
giant corporate controlled farms which had the technology and professional to be successful- 10,000 acres farms
What did the success of bonanza farms depend on?
The machinery on the farm and railroads which would take the product away for export
Did most settlers migrate west as families or singles? What group of people can this be connected to?
Family units; Puritans
What was life like in the West, particularly for women? What past event can this be connected to?
Lonely, isolated, dreary; Oregon Trail
Which region was the first to grant women the right to vote?
West (WY)
Who were the Exodusters?
The most prominent group of the Southern African Americans who went west; modeled their journey after the Israelites who fled Egypt to the Promised Land
What did the government give to the Union and Central Pacific railroads?
Land grants; 5 mi of public land on each side per mile of track
Who/what completed the first transcontinental railroad?
The Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroad companies
Where did the UP and CP railroads meet? Who did each company rely on for labor to make the railroads?
Promontory Point, UT; UP- Irish immigrants and Civil War vets
CP- Chinese immigrants
What was the scandal involoving the Crédit Mobilier?
A construction company formed by the Union Pacific which overcharged for its work. Crédit Mobilier tried to cover this up by selling stocks in their company at a large discount to government officials and Congress members
What jobs did most Chinese immigrants take up?
Cheap labor for railroad construction; gold and silver miners (1/3 of western miners were Chinese)
What was the role of Chinese women?
Traditional female responsibility of looking after the children and extended family in China; 90% of those who came to America became prostitutes
What did the Workingman's Party advocate? What was their slogan?
Anti-Chinese, attacked CP Railroad (employers); "The Chinese must go!"
What did the Chinese Exclusion Act do?
Congress banned immigration for 10 years (later extended indefinetely- lasted until 1943)
Where did cattle herding first start?
Southern Texas
What kind of cattle was generally herded, especially in Texas?
Longhorns
Where did the cowboys drive their cattle where they could be bought?
KA (drove them through Dodge City, Wichita, and Abilene, KA)
Who built the first cattle stockyard and where?
Joseph G. McCoy; KA
Who owned the cattle ranches?
Whites only
Most cowboys were previously in what profession?
Civil War soldiers (bc had much horseback skill)
Where did the funding for cattle ranches come from?
Europe and the East
Who invented barbed wire?
Joseph F. Glidden
What factors brought an end to the 'cattle kingdom'?
Overproduction (amateurs trying to make a claim for themselves)
Overgrazing (grass and crop fields depleting both by cattle and rancher)
What did the 1890 US Census declare?
Virtually the entire western frontier had been settled, minus a few isolated pockets
Who wrote "The Significance of the Frontier in American History"? What was it about?
Frederick Jackson Turner; argued that 300 years of frontier experience had played a fundamental role in making American society more democratic (like De Tocqueville's Democracy in America)
What played a key role in stimulating American nationalism, individualism, and self-reliance?
The frontier