Perception Final

Front 1

Processing an auditory scene consisting of multiple sound sources into separate sound images.

Back 1

Source Segregation/Auditory Scene Analysis

Front 2

The perceptual organization of a complex acoustic signal into separate auditory events for which each stream is heard as a separate event.

Back 2

Auditory Stream Segregation

Front 3

The psychological aspect of sound related mainly to the fundamental frequency.

Back 3

Pitch

Front 4

The interval between two sound frequencies having a ratio of 2:1

Back 4

Octave

Front 5

A sound quality corresponding to the level of pitch. Tone height is monotonically related to frequency.

Back 5

Tone Height

Front 6

A sound quality shared by tones that have the same octave interval.

Back 6

Tone Chroma

Front 7

A combination of three or more musical notes with different pitches played simultaneously.

Back 7

Chord

Front 8

An arrangement of notes or chords in succession.

Back 8

Melody

Front 9

The perceived speed of the presentation of sounds.

Back 9

Tempo

Front 10

The airway above the larynx used for the production of speech. The vocal tract includes the oral tract and nasal tract.

Back 10

Vocal Tract

Front 11

The act or manner of producing a speech sound using the vocal tract.

Back 11

Articulation

Front 12

A resonance of the vocal tract. Formants are specified by their center frequency and are denoted by integers that increase with relative frequency.

Back 12

Formant

Front 13

A pattern for sound analysis that provides a three-dimensional display plotting time on the horizontal axis, frequency on the vertical axis, and intensity on the color grey scale.

Back 13

Spectrogram

Front 14

The phenomenon in which speech whereby attributes of successive speech units overlap in articulatory or acoustic patterns.

Back 14

Coarticulation

Front 15

The perception of the position and movement of our limbs in space.

Back 15

Kinesthesis

Front 16

Perception mediated by kinesthetic and vestibular receptors.

Back 16

Proprioception

Front 17

A collective term for sensory signals from the body.

Back 17

Somatosensation

Front 18

The outer of two major layers of skin.

Back 18

Epidermis

Front 19

The inner of two major layers of skin, consisting of nutritive and connective tissues, within which lie the mechano-receptors.

Back 19

Dermis

Front 20

Sensory receptors that are responsive to mechanical stimulation (pressure, vibration, and movement).

Back 20

Mechanoreceptors

Front 21

A specialized nerve ending associated with fast-adapting (FA 1) fibers that have small receptive fields.

Back 21

Meissner Corpuscle

Front 22

A specialized nerve ending associated with slow-adapting (SA 1) fibers that have small receptive fields.

Back 22

Merkel Cell Neurite Complex

Front 23

A specialized nerve ending associated with fast-adapting (FA II) fibers that have large receptive fields.

Back 23

Pacinian Corpuscle

Front 24

A specialized nerve ending associated with slow-adapting (SA II) fibers that have large receptive fields.

Back 24

Ruffini Ending

Front 25

Referring to perception involving sensory mechanoreceptors in muscles, tendons, and joints.

Back 25

Kinesthetic

Front 26

A sensory receptor located in a muscle that senses its tension.

Back 26

Muscle Spindle

Front 27

Sensory receptors that signal information about changes in skin temperature.

Back 27

Thermoreceptors

Front 28

A sensory nerve fiber that fires when skin temperature increases.

Back 28

Warmth Fibers

Front 29

A sensory nerve fiber that fires when skin temperature decreases.

Back 29

Cold Fiber

Front 30

Sensory receptors that transmit information about noxious (painful) stimulation that causes damage or potential damage to the skin.

Back 30

Nociceptors

Front 31

An intermediate-sized, myelinated sensory nerve fiber that transmits pain and temperature signals.

Back 31

A-delta Fiber

Front 32

A narrow-diameter, unmyelinated sensory nerve fiber that transmits pain and temperature signals.

Back 32

C Fiber

Front 33

The route from the spinal cord to the brain that carries most of the information about skin temperature and pain.

Back 33

Spinothalamic Pathway

Front 34

The route from the spinal cord to the brain that signals from the skin, muscles, tendons and joints.

Back 34

Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal (DCML) Pathway

Front 35

The primary receiving area for touch in the cortex.

Back 35

Somatosensory Area 1 (S1)

Front 36

The secondary receiving area for touch in the cortex.

Back 36

Somatosensory Area 2 (S2)

Front 37

Spatially mapped in the somatosensory cortex in correspondence to spacial events on the skin.

Back 37

Somatotopic

Front 38

A maplike representation of regions of the body in the brain.

Back 38

Homunculus

Front 39

Sensation perceived from a physically amputated limb of the body.

Back 39

Phantom Limb

Front 40

The ability of neural circuits to undergo changes in function or organization as a result of previous activity.

Back 40

Neural Plasticity

Front 41

A jelly-like region of interconnecting neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

Back 41

Substantia Gelatinosa

Front 42

A region at the rear of the spinal cord that receives inputs from receptors in the skin.

Back 42

Dorsal Horn

Front 43

A description of the system that transmits pain that incorporates modulating signals from the brain.

Back 43

Gate Control Theory

Front 44

A region of the brain associated with the perceived unpleasantness of the pain sensation.

Back 44

Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)

Front 45

A region of the brain concerned with cognition and executive control.

Back 45

Prefrontal Cortex

Front 46

Decreasing pain sensation during conscious experience.

Back 46

Analgesia

Front 47

Chemicals released by the body that block the release or uptake of neurotransmitters necessary to transmit pain sensation to the brain.

Back 47

Endogenous Opiates

Front 48

An increased or heightened response to a normally painful stimulus.

Back 48

Hyperalgesia

Front 49

The minimum distance at which two stimuli (e.g. two simultaneous touches) are just perceptible as separate.

Back 49

Two-Point Touch Threshold

Front 50

Knowledge of the world that is derived from sensory receptors in skin, muscles, tendons and joints, usually involving active exploration.

Back 50

Haptic Perception

Front 51

A stereotyped hand movement pattern used to contact objects in order to perceive their properties; each ____ is best for determining one or more object properties.

Back 51

Exploratory Procedure

Front 52

The inability to identify objects by touch.

Back 52

Tactile Agnosia

Front 53

The coordinate system used to define locations in space.

Back 53

Frame of Reference

Front 54

The center of a reference frame used to represent locations relative to the body.

Back 54

Egocenter

Front 55

The impression of our bodies in space.

Back 55

Body Image

Front 56

A form of top-down (knowledge-driven) control of spatial attention in which attention is voluntary directed toward the site where the observer anticipates a stimulus will occur.

Back 56

Endogenous Spatial Attention

Front 57

A form of bottom-up (stimulus-driven) spatial attention in which attention is reflexively directed toward the site at which a stimulus has abruptly appeared.

Back 57

Exogeneous Spatial Attention

Front 58

A method by which those who are both deaf and blind can perceive speech in real time using their hands.

Back 58

Tadoma

Front 59

A synthetic world that may be experienced haptically by operation of an electromechanical device that delivers forces to the hand of the user.

Back 59

Virtual Haptic Environment

Front 60

The sensation of an odor that is perceived when chewing and swallowing force an odorant in the mouth up behind the palate into the nose. Such odor sensations are perceived as originating from the mouth, even though the actual contact of odorant and receptor occurs at the olfactory mucosa.

Back 60

Retronasal Olfactory Sensation

Front 61

The combination of true taste (sweet, salty, sour, bitter) and retronasal olfaction.

Back 61

Flavor

Front 62

The branch of cranial nerve VII (the facial nerve) that carries taste information from the anterior, mobile tongue (the part that can be stuck out). The chorda typani nerve leaves the tongue with the lingual branch of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) and then passes though the middle ear on its way to the brain.

Back 62

Chorda Tympani

Front 63

Twelve pairs of nerves (one from each pair for each side of the body) that originate in the brain stem and reach sense organs and muscles through openings in the skull.

Back 63

Cranial Nerves

Front 64

Globular clusters of cells that have the function of creating the neural signals conveyed to the brain by taste nerves. Some of the cells in the taste bud have specialized sites on their atypical projections that interact with taste stimuli. some of the cells form synapses with taste nerve fibers.

Back 64

Taste Buds

Front 65

Structures that give the tongue its bumpy appearance. From smallest to largest, the papillae types that contain taste buds are fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate; filiform papillae, which do not contain taste buds, are the smallest and most numerous.

Back 65

Papillae

Front 66

Cells within the taste bud that contain sites on their apical projections that can interact with taste stimuli. These sites fall into two major categories: those interacting with charged particles (e.g. sodium and hydrogen ions), and those interacting with specific chemical structures.

Back 66

Taste Receptor Cells

Front 67

Small structures on the tongue that provide most of the bumpy appearance. ______ have no taste function.

Back 67

Filiform Papillae

Front 68

Mushroom-shaped structures (maximum diameter 1 millimeter) that are distributed most densely on the edges of the tongue, especially the tip. Taste buds (an average of 6 per papilla) are buried in the surface.

Back 68

Fungiform Papillae

Front 69

Folds of tissue containing taste buds. ____ are located on the rear of the tongue lateral to the circumvallate papillae, where the tongue attaches to the mouth.

Back 69

Foliate Papillae

Front 70

Circular structures that form an inverted V on the rear of the tongue (three to five on each side). Circumvallate papillae are moundlike structures surrounded by a trench (like a moat). These papillae are much larger than fungiform papillae.

Back 70

Circumvallate Papillae

Front 71

Slender projections on the tips of some taste bud cells that extend into the taste pore.

Back 71

Microvilli

Front 72

Any stimulus that can be tasted.

Back 72

Tastant

Front 73

The primary cortical processing area for taste - the part of the cortex that first receives taste information.

Back 73

Insular Cortex

Front 74

The part of the frontal lobe of the cortex that lies above the bone (orbit) containing the eyes.

Back 74

Orbitofrontal Cortex