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56 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What are phonemes?

A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that when it is changed, the meaning changes

What is the phonetic difference between vowels and consonants?

- Phonemes that occur when the air is not blocked are vowels


- Phonemes that occur when the air is blocked are consonants

How does vowel production differ?

1. Tongue position


2. Lip posture

What are the different tongue positions for vowel production?

What are the different lip postures for vowel production?

What is voicing in consonants?

When do the vocal cords begin to vibrate, consonants differ on Voice Onset Time (VOT)

When do the vocal cords begin to vibrate, consonants differ on Voice Onset Time (VOT)

What is the place of consonants?

What is the manner of consonants?

How does the air pass through?

What are approximants (consonants)?

Consonants that partially obstruct the air (W, R, L, J)

What are fricatives (consonants)?

Consonants that almost halt the airflow (F, V, S, Z)

What are stops (consonants)?

Consonants that completely halt the airflow


- Plosive stop: nasal cavity closed (P, T, K, G)


- Nasal stop: nasal cavity open (M, N)

Do different languages have a different number of phonemes?

Yes, English has about 40 and Polynesian has 11

What are some general trends among phonemes in different languages?

- Most have a few common phonemes (m, n, p, k, t)


- Most have at least one fricative (usually s)


- Number of vowel and consonants vary

How are people's ability to discriminate phonemes?

For phonemes from the same category, people struggle, for phonemes from different categories, people are accurate

Which distribution leads to longer dishabituation time?

Bimodal distribution

What are the ordered parts of syllables?

- Onset: *usually* a set of consonants, can be 0


- Nucleus: *usually* a vowel, *almost always* must exist


- Coda: *usually* a set of consonants, can be 0

What are words?

The smallest unit in a language that conveys meaning and can stand on its own

Why is word segmentation hard?

The pauses in speech are not enough information to segment words

How might people learn to segment words?

1. Use phonotactic constraints


2. Use prosodic constraints

What are phonotactic constraints?

Restrictions on what phonemes and syllables are allowed to be in specific locations in a language

What are prosodic constraints?

Restrictions on what stress, pitch, and intonation patterns in a language


- Pitch: English tends to go low to high through a word


- Stress: English tends to go high to low through a word

What are transitional probabilities?

The statistics about the distribution of syllables

The statistics about the distribution of syllables

What cues can improve learning of word segmentation?

- Adding prosodic information to models improves performance (5-15%)


- Adding word frequencies

What is a Zipfian distribution?

What are the 2 statistical models used to guess word segmentations?

- Basic TP classifier (52%)


- Bayesian TP model (70%)

When is the vocab spurt?

18-24 months

How many words do adults know?

>60,000

What does age of acquisition of a word predict?

- Speed of naming the word


- Speed of deciding if it's a word or not


- The familiarity of a word

What are the mechanisms for predicting what word is learned next?

1. Preferential attachment


2. Preferential acquisition


3. Lure of the associates

What is preferential attachment?

New words are added if they connect to highly connected words

What is preferential acquisition?

Words are more likely to be learned if they are highly connected irrespective of it those words are known

What is lure of the associates?

New words are more likely to be learned if they have connections from known words

Out of the preferential attachment, preferential acquisition, and lure of associates model, which is the best?

The most likely model given the data includes both preferential acquisition and the lure of the associates

What are the two groups of grammar?

Open and closed

What are the open group of grammar?

- Easy to add new words


- Carry most of the content


- Adjective, adverb, noun, and verb


- First words infants learn and use



What are the closed group of grammar?

- Hard to add new words


- Carry most of the grammar


- Pronoun, auxiliary verb, conjunction, preposition, and determiner


- Hardest words for second language learners

Why are verbs generally considered the most important part of a sentence?

- Determine what the arguments are


- Determine if the arguments are optional


- Determine where those arguments go

How do children learn grammar rules?

1. Mimicry


2. Negative evidence


3. Subtle negative evidence


4. Semantic bootstrapping


5. Statistical learning

What is the difference between regular and context-free grammar?

Context-free grammar can explain long-range dependencies, can explain mistakes kids make, and can explain hierarchical phrase structures

What is the Bayesian statistical learning model?

- Can learn regular grammars or context-free grammars


- Failed to parse non-grammatical sentences

What are the various relations in semantics?

- Word -concept relations: word dog refers to concept dog, word animal refers toconcept animal, not one-to-one mapping


- Concept -concept relations: knowing that dogs are kind of animal, dogs have tails,can bark


- Concept -percept / action relations: what dogs look like, how a dog can bedistinguished from a cat


- Word -word relations: knowledge that word dog is associated or co-occur withwords like tail, bone, and cat

What is syntagmatic responses word association?

Cold - outside (different grammatical form)

What is paradigmatic responses word association?

Cold - hot (same grammatical form class)

What is distributed linguisticrepresentations?

Themeaning of a word is dependent on the distribution with which it occurs withother words

What is Latent Symantic Analysis (LSA)?

A model and theory of acquisition, induction,and representation

How does LSA perform on TOEFL synonym test?

- LSA correct on 64% of 80 items.


- Matches average applicant to US college


- Mistakes correlate with those of theparticipants (r = .44)

What is the Chinese Room thought experiment?

You’rejust manipulating symbols using a small set of rules, but have no idea whatthese symbols refer to in real world, so you can’t get to their meaning

What are the tenets of the embodied view?

- Cognition is grounded in bodily states


- Meaning reflects affordances: relation between objects and bodily activities,constrained by physics and biology


- Symbols or internal representations are modal and directly connected to theworld through perceptual simulations


- Same neural systems engaged in perception andaction are automatically recruitedduring semantic representation.

What did evidence from cognitive science find that LSA could account for?

- Afforded and non-afforded sentences


- Modality switching

What are afforded and non-afforded sentences?

- Afforded:Being clever, he walked into a store and bought a newspaper to cover his face.


- Non-afforded:Being clever, he walked into a store and bought a matchbook to cover his face.


- Related:Being clever, he walked into a store and bought a ski-mask to cover his face.

What does L2 phonological proficiency depend on?

1. Time,earlier = better: some contrasts might need to be learned very early


2. Experience,more = better


3. Contrasts need to besalient and sufficient distinct from L1

What is the word association model?

L2 word connected to corresponding conceptualrepresentation only through L1 equivalent

What is the concept mediation model?

Access from L2 to L1 word forms occurs throughaccess to the concepts

What is the revised hierarchical model?

To accountfor L2 proficiency differences and translation direction (L2 → L1) faster than(L1 → L2)

What are the two ideas in RHM?

1. Semanticinfo easier to access from L1 input


2. Lexicalword-to-word links more important for L2 word processing than L1

What are the four central tenets of RHM?

1. Separation of lexical and conceptualrepresentations


2. Separate lexicons and selective access


3. Asymmetries between L1 and L2 processing


4. Developmental aspect of bilingualism