Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are phonemes? |
A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that when it is changed, the meaning changes |
|
What is the phonetic difference between vowels and consonants? |
- Phonemes that occur when the air is not blocked are vowels - Phonemes that occur when the air is blocked are consonants |
|
How does vowel production differ? |
1. Tongue position 2. Lip posture |
|
What are the different tongue positions for vowel production? |
|
|
What are the different lip postures for vowel production? |
|
|
What is voicing in consonants? |
When do the vocal cords begin to vibrate, consonants differ on Voice Onset Time (VOT) |
|
What is the place of consonants? |
|
|
What is the manner of consonants? |
How does the air pass through? |
|
What are approximants (consonants)? |
Consonants that partially obstruct the air (W, R, L, J) |
|
What are fricatives (consonants)? |
Consonants that almost halt the airflow (F, V, S, Z) |
|
What are stops (consonants)? |
Consonants that completely halt the airflow - Plosive stop: nasal cavity closed (P, T, K, G) - Nasal stop: nasal cavity open (M, N) |
|
Do different languages have a different number of phonemes? |
Yes, English has about 40 and Polynesian has 11 |
|
What are some general trends among phonemes in different languages? |
- Most have a few common phonemes (m, n, p, k, t) - Most have at least one fricative (usually s) - Number of vowel and consonants vary |
|
How are people's ability to discriminate phonemes? |
For phonemes from the same category, people struggle, for phonemes from different categories, people are accurate |
|
Which distribution leads to longer dishabituation time? |
Bimodal distribution |
|
What are the ordered parts of syllables? |
- Onset: *usually* a set of consonants, can be 0 - Nucleus: *usually* a vowel, *almost always* must exist - Coda: *usually* a set of consonants, can be 0 |
|
What are words? |
The smallest unit in a language that conveys meaning and can stand on its own |
|
Why is word segmentation hard? |
The pauses in speech are not enough information to segment words |
|
How might people learn to segment words? |
1. Use phonotactic constraints 2. Use prosodic constraints |
|
What are phonotactic constraints? |
Restrictions on what phonemes and syllables are allowed to be in specific locations in a language |
|
What are prosodic constraints? |
Restrictions on what stress, pitch, and intonation patterns in a language - Pitch: English tends to go low to high through a word - Stress: English tends to go high to low through a word |
|
What are transitional probabilities? |
The statistics about the distribution of syllables |
|
What cues can improve learning of word segmentation? |
- Adding prosodic information to models improves performance (5-15%) - Adding word frequencies |
|
What is a Zipfian distribution? |
|
|
What are the 2 statistical models used to guess word segmentations? |
- Basic TP classifier (52%) - Bayesian TP model (70%) |
|
When is the vocab spurt? |
18-24 months |
|
How many words do adults know? |
>60,000 |
|
What does age of acquisition of a word predict? |
- Speed of naming the word - Speed of deciding if it's a word or not - The familiarity of a word |
|
What are the mechanisms for predicting what word is learned next? |
1. Preferential attachment 2. Preferential acquisition 3. Lure of the associates |
|
What is preferential attachment? |
New words are added if they connect to highly connected words |
|
What is preferential acquisition? |
Words are more likely to be learned if they are highly connected irrespective of it those words are known |
|
What is lure of the associates? |
New words are more likely to be learned if they have connections from known words |
|
Out of the preferential attachment, preferential acquisition, and lure of associates model, which is the best? |
The most likely model given the data includes both preferential acquisition and the lure of the associates |
|
What are the two groups of grammar? |
Open and closed |
|
What are the open group of grammar? |
- Easy to add new words - Carry most of the content - Adjective, adverb, noun, and verb - First words infants learn and use |
|
What are the closed group of grammar? |
- Hard to add new words - Carry most of the grammar - Pronoun, auxiliary verb, conjunction, preposition, and determiner - Hardest words for second language learners |
|
Why are verbs generally considered the most important part of a sentence? |
- Determine what the arguments are - Determine if the arguments are optional - Determine where those arguments go |
|
How do children learn grammar rules? |
1. Mimicry 2. Negative evidence 3. Subtle negative evidence 4. Semantic bootstrapping 5. Statistical learning |
|
What is the difference between regular and context-free grammar? |
Context-free grammar can explain long-range dependencies, can explain mistakes kids make, and can explain hierarchical phrase structures |
|
What is the Bayesian statistical learning model? |
- Can learn regular grammars or context-free grammars - Failed to parse non-grammatical sentences |
|
What are the various relations in semantics? |
- Word -concept relations: word dog refers to concept dog, word animal refers toconcept animal, not one-to-one mapping - Concept -concept relations: knowing that dogs are kind of animal, dogs have tails,can bark - Concept -percept / action relations: what dogs look like, how a dog can bedistinguished from a cat - Word -word relations: knowledge that word dog is associated or co-occur withwords like tail, bone, and cat |
|
What is syntagmatic responses word association? |
Cold - outside (different grammatical form) |
|
What is paradigmatic responses word association? |
Cold - hot (same grammatical form class) |
|
What is distributed linguisticrepresentations? |
Themeaning of a word is dependent on the distribution with which it occurs withother words |
|
What is Latent Symantic Analysis (LSA)? |
A model and theory of acquisition, induction,and representation |
|
How does LSA perform on TOEFL synonym test? |
- LSA correct on 64% of 80 items. - Matches average applicant to US college - Mistakes correlate with those of theparticipants (r = .44) |
|
What is the Chinese Room thought experiment? |
You’rejust manipulating symbols using a small set of rules, but have no idea whatthese symbols refer to in real world, so you can’t get to their meaning |
|
What are the tenets of the embodied view? |
- Cognition is grounded in bodily states - Meaning reflects affordances: relation between objects and bodily activities,constrained by physics and biology - Symbols or internal representations are modal and directly connected to theworld through perceptual simulations - Same neural systems engaged in perception andaction are automatically recruitedduring semantic representation. |
|
What did evidence from cognitive science find that LSA could account for? |
- Afforded and non-afforded sentences - Modality switching |
|
What are afforded and non-afforded sentences? |
- Afforded:Being clever, he walked into a store and bought a newspaper to cover his face. - Non-afforded:Being clever, he walked into a store and bought a matchbook to cover his face. - Related:Being clever, he walked into a store and bought a ski-mask to cover his face. |
|
What does L2 phonological proficiency depend on? |
1. Time,earlier = better: some contrasts might need to be learned very early 2. Experience,more = better 3. Contrasts need to besalient and sufficient distinct from L1 |
|
What is the word association model? |
L2 word connected to corresponding conceptualrepresentation only through L1 equivalent |
|
What is the concept mediation model? |
Access from L2 to L1 word forms occurs throughaccess to the concepts |
|
What is the revised hierarchical model? |
To accountfor L2 proficiency differences and translation direction (L2 → L1) faster than(L1 → L2) |
|
What are the two ideas in RHM? |
1. Semanticinfo easier to access from L1 input 2. Lexicalword-to-word links more important for L2 word processing than L1 |
|
What are the four central tenets of RHM? |
1. Separation of lexical and conceptualrepresentations 2. Separate lexicons and selective access 3. Asymmetries between L1 and L2 processing 4. Developmental aspect of bilingualism |