Perception

Front 1

Visual Form Agnosia

Back 1

Inability to describe entire objects. Only able to name parts and pieces

Front 2

Bottom-Up Processing

Back 2

Based on incoming stimuli information

Front 3

Top-Down Processing

Back 3

Based on previous knowledge

Front 4

Psychophysics (PP)
-between what?
-example

Back 4

Stimuli-Perception

Measure descriptions given to presented stimuli

Front 5

Psychophysical (PH1)
-between what?
-example

Back 5

Stimuli-Physiological Response

Brain/Electrical Activity during stimuli presentation

Front 6

Psychophysical (PH2)
-between what?
-example

Back 6

Perception-Physiological Response

Brain/Electrical Activity during description/responses

Front 7

Guy associated with Classical Psychophysical Methods

Back 7

Fechner

Front 8

Absolute Threshold

Back 8

Intensity level of stimuli that allows for detection 50% of the time

Front 9

Weber's Law

Back 9

DL / S=K

DL= Difference Threshold (smallest amount that can be added for a JND)
S= Value of Standard Stimuli

Front 10

Response Compression

Back 10

Perceived intensity increase is less than actual intensity increase

Front 11

Response Expansion

Back 11

Perceived intensity increase is greater than actual intensity increase

Front 12

Steven's Power Law

Back 12

P = KS ^ n

Front 13

Goal Driven Search
-uses what processing?
-consists of what kind of searching?

Back 13

top-down processing

looking for a specific object

Front 14

Visual Search
-uses what processing?
-consists of what kind of searching?

Back 14

bottom-up processing

looking for a different object among many

Front 15

Aristotle

Back 15

Heart

Front 16

Galen

Back 16

Spirits and Ventricles

Front 17

Descartes

Back 17

Pineal Gland

Front 18

Willis

Back 18

Different areas of the brain for different, specific functions

Front 19

Johannes Mueller

Back 19

Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies

Front 20

Doctrine of specific nerve energies

Back 20

our perceptions are based off of electrical nerve signals

Front 21

Adrian

Back 21

Ability to record signals from individual neurons

Front 22

Reticular Theory

Back 22

Nervous system consists of network of fused nerve cells

Front 23

Neuron Theory

Back 23

Nervous system consists of distinct elements/cells TRUE THEORY

Front 24

Modular Organization

Back 24

specific functions are carried out in specific areas of the brain

Front 25

Ion OUTSIDE neuron in resting state

Back 25

Sodium - Na+

Front 26

Ion INSIDE neuron in resting state

Back 26

Potassium - K+

Front 27

Propagated Response

Back 27

Means that action potentials travels all the way down axons without changing in size

Front 28

Excitatory Neurotransmitters
-cause?
-causes neuron to become more +/-?

Back 28

Causes depolarization
Neuron becomes more +

Front 29

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
-cause?
-causes neuron to become more +/-?

Back 29

Causes hyperpolarization
neuron becomes more -

Front 30

Grandmother Cells

Back 30

Neurons that respond ONLY to a specific stimulus

Front 31

Specificity Coding

Back 31

Representation of objects is by firing of a neuron that responds ONLY to that object

Front 32

Distributed Coding

Back 32

Representation of objects is by firing of a LARGE GROUP of neurons in a certain patter

Front 33

Sparse Coding

Back 33

Representation of objects is by firing of a SMALL GROUP of neurons that all respond to that stimuli

**ACTUAL

Front 34

What is McRoberts maneuver doing to the pelvis?

Back 34

The procedure causes straightening of the sacrum relative to the lumbar vertebrae, rotation of the symphysis pubis toward the maternal head, and a decrease in the angle of the pelvic inclination
IT DOES NOT INCREASE PELVIC DIMENSIONS
(Wms22-515)

Front 35

3 Layers of the Eye

Back 35

Fibrous Tunic
Vascular Tunic
Retina

Front 36

Cornea - Lens
each account for what % of focusing

Back 36

Cornea - 80%
Lens - 20%

Front 37

Near Point

Back 37

The closest distance that your eyes can bring something into focus still

Front 38

Presbyopia

Back 38

Near point distance increases with old age

You cant focus on things as close to your eyes as before

Front 39

Myopia

focus point falls where?

Back 39

Nearsightedness (Good near sight)

focus point falls in front of retina

Front 40

Refractive Myopia

Back 40

caused by the cornea/lens bending light too much

puts the focus point in front of the retina

Front 41

Axial Myopia

Back 41

caused by the eyeball being too long

puts the focus point in front of the retina

Front 42

LASIK surgery

-treats what?
-how does it treat it

Back 42

Treats myopia
Shapes the cornea

Front 43

Far Point

Back 43

Furthest away an object can be and still be in focus

Front 44

Hyperopia

focus point falls where?

Back 44

Farsightedness

focus point falls behind retina

Front 45

Isomerization

Back 45

When a photon of light hits retinal and changes it shape, bending it away from opsin, starting transduction

Front 46

Hecht's Transduction Experiment
consisted of?

conclusions?

Back 46

shining light that he could measure the photons of into an eye to determine absolute threshold for seeing light

100 photons need to be shone only 7 of which get to retinal

Front 47

Enzyme Cascade

Back 47

How only activating 1 retinal sets off a chain reaction activating neighboring ones.

Front 48

Macular Degeneration

Back 48

Destroys Fovea

Front 49

Retinitis Pigmentosa

Back 49

Ruins Peripheral

Front 50

Rod-Cone Break Point

Back 50

The point where the sensitivity of the rods surpass the sensitivity of the cones during dark adaptation

Front 51

Detached Retina

Back 51

Inability to regenerate pigments

Front 52

Spectral Sensitivity

Back 52

Sensitivity at different wavelengths

Front 53

Purkinje Shift

Back 53

shorter wavelengths of light (blues and greens) are clearer at night

Front 54

Amacrine Cells

Back 54

Connect Bipolar Cells to Ganglion Cells

Front 55

Horizontal Cells

Back 55

Connect Receptors to Bipolar Cells

Front 56

How many Rods converge on a single ganglion cell?

means....

Back 56

120

better sensitivity

Front 57

How many Cones converge on a single ganglion cell?

means....

Back 57

6

better acuity

Front 58

Ommatidia

Back 58

eyes of horseshoe crabs

contain a single lens with a single receptor

Front 59

White's Illusion

what does it look like?
what explains it?

Back 59

Horizontal black bars with lighter, same colored rectangles over them

Belongingness

Front 60

PSE - Point of Subjective Equality

Back 60

Point where an observer considers two objects to be identical.

Front 61

Superior Colliculus

Back 61

Involved with physical eye movements

Front 62

Striate Cortex

Back 62

Primary visual receiving area in the Occipital Lobe

Front 63

Retinotopic Map

Back 63

Each place on the retina corresponds to a specific spot on the LGN

Front 64

How many layers does the LGN have?

Back 64

6

Front 65

Complex Cells

Back 65

Respond to lines of certain orientations moving in certain directions

Front 66

End-Stopped Cells

Back 66

Respond to lines of certain lengths or angles moving in certain directions

Front 67

Selective Adaptation

Back 67

If a feature detector continues to fire at a high rate for a specific stimulus for long periods of time it will fire LESS the next time it is presented the stimulus

Front 68

Grating Stimuli

Back 68

alternating black/white lines in different orientations.

Front 69

Contrast Threshold

Back 69

The closest the gratings can be to the same contrast and still be distinguishable as individual bars

Front 70

Blakemore and Cooper Experiment

Back 70

Kittens

Front 71

Images that are close in the environment are also close in the _______

Back 71

striate cortex

Front 72

Cortical Magnification Factor

Back 72

Even though the fovea only takes up 0.01% of the retina, it takes of 10% of the striate cortex

Front 73

Hemodynamic Response

Back 73

When there is massive metabolic activity on a PET scan