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35 Cards in this Set
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What are the 5 characteristics of research? |
Systematic : identify variables of interest, then designexperiments to test the relationships between these variables in orderly way Empirical: data are produced by anexperiment or observation Replicable: experiments are well-documentedand can be repeated if necessary Analytical: general relationships are established from data Cyclical: procedures are sufficient toallow others to evaluate conclusions |
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What are the levels of basic to appliedresearch?�|� |
Level 1- Basic Research: Goal:Theory-driven; no direct impact on practitionersApproach: Laboratory or very carefullycontrolled environment Level 2-_____________ relevance- Goal: Theory-based, butsome relevance to practitionersApproach: Similar to real-world task orsettingLevel 3- Goal: Immediate solutions; direct impact onpractitionersApproach: Real-world settings, but lackcontrol over the environmenttyle=} |
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What are the 4 steps of the scientific method toproblem solving?!| |
Develop the problem- Develop the specificquestions you want answered a. Independent Variable X- the variable you want to manipulate -Experimental,or treatment variable b. Dependent Variable Y- the variable that measuresthe effect of the independent variable2. Formulating the hypothesis a. Hypothesis = expected result 3. Gathering the data a. Conducting your experimentBefore you begin this process, you want to be assured of certain aspectsare accounted for:Are your methods reliable? Valid? (do they measure what you want to do?)Objective? (can the test be accurately scored) 4. Analyzing and interpreting results a. Gather all your results and compare yourfindings statistically b. Based on your statistical finds, develop anexplanation for your findings 9���5~� |
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1. What is “normal science” research and be able toexplain the other types of research such as analytical.>| |
Normal science- 1. Objective manner of study that is grounded in the naturalsciences 2. Systematic, logical, empirical, reductive, replicate 3. Adheres to the scientific method |
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Challenges to normal science- |
1. Inconsistent findings: cannot trust the resultsof one study 2. Some variables (human behavior in particular)cannot be easily measured and quantified!– How do you measure "motivation"?"hunger"? "happiness"? Analytical Research- Analytical: Analysis ofinformation already available to explain complex phenomena Historical: research based onevents all ready occurred _______________: developtheoretical models Reviews: review of existingresearch Research synthesis (meta-analysis): reviewof studies, generally with some sort of statistical analysis8!qh |
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Research Variables |
1. Constant- any characteristic or quality that is thesame for all members of a particular group
a. Categorical- Variables that fall within acategory May or may not be mutually exclusive Male/Female; Junior/Seniorb. Continuous- Variables that fall within a continuum c. Independent- Variable the researcher ismanipulating d. Dependent- Effect of the independent variable (Response variable) e. Predictor- Variables used to predict another variable f. Criterion- Variables that establish thecriteria/ standard by which the predictor variable is judged g. Outcome- A dependent variable that isquantitative h. Moderator variable- Special type of independentvariableExample: Audio learning stylesimprove reading scores in Hispanic children more so than Asian childrenModerator Variable = ethnicity i. Extraneous Variable- Independent variable thathave not been controlled - |
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1. Whatis a hypothesis? Be able to write a hypothesis give a set of variablesad>=| |
a. Hypothesis- A prediction regarding the possible outcome of a study b. Disadvantages of stating hypotheses:May bias the researcherFocusing on hypothesis could prevent researcher fromseeing other phenomena that might be important to the study c. Advantages of stating hypotheses:Makes us think deeply and specifically about thepossible outcomes of the studyEnables us to make specific predictions based on priorevidence or theoretical argument n |
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1. Whatis a null hypothesis? |
Null Hypothesis- A hypothesis of “no difference or no relationship” i. Reject- Null hypothesis is not true ii. Fail to reject- Not able to reject nullhypothesis -> Null hypothesis is trueor-la4:} |
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1. Beable to give examples of extraneous variables and control variables.<<| |
1. Controlvariables- variable that must remain constant during an experiment E.g. Does being female or male independentlyinfluence how ACL injuries heal? If so, you must take them into account in thestudy 2. Extraneousvariables- undesirable” factors other than the independent variable that mayhave an influence on the dependent variable Subjectvariables: e.g. health status Situationalvariables: e.g. air temperature, habitual physical activity, time of day, etc.oLA |
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Extraneous variables |
1. -undesirable” factors other than the independent variable that may have aninfluence on the dependent variable Subjectvariables: e.g. health status Situationalvariables: e.g. air temperature, habitual physical activity, time of day, etc.al? |
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1. Defineassumption, limitation, and delimitation.!| |
Assumption- fundamentalpremises under which a study operates Limitations- possibleshortcomings or influences that cannot be controlled by the investigator Delimitation- limitationsimposed by the investigator |
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1. Whatis an ROL? What is the purpose? |
1. ROL= “Literature”Works addressing your research topic 2. A critical analysis 3. Provides direction |
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1. Whattypes of literature are cited? |
Primary SourceSecondary source -Meta analysis - Systematic review |
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1. Explainwhat belongs in the introduction, body, and conclusion of an ROL. |
Introduction- Define topics and establish reason for ROL - Conflicts in theory, gaps in research, new perspectiveof immediate interest Body of a ROL-Form categories of the works Guide readerthrough your ROL Conclusion-Summarize contributions of studies |
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1. Whatare the components of a journal paper and the correct order that they appear?-the |
a. Abstract b. Introduction c. Methods d. Procedures e. Results f. Discussion g. Conclusion h. Acknowledgements |
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1. Beable to explain each section of a manuscript and what information goes in eachsection. |
Abstract-Provides a summary of your paper Introduction - Leads into the research question. Whydoes this study need to be conducted? Highlights existing work in the field Purpose of thestudy- A concise statement aimed to clarify the field of interest Methods- Contains sufficient details about… Research design Participants Procedures InstrumentationEquipment/Apparatus Statistical/Data analyses Methods:research Participants- Informed abouttarget population and characteristics ofparticipants Methods:Instrumentation- What instruments were used Procedures- “Howto section” Discussion of the following… Research Design Sample Instrumentation Procedural detail Internal validityData analysis DataAnalysis: How was data analyzed. What statistics and tests were used Results:Presented in a concise manner and described as tables and figures Discussion: Nontechnical explanation of results - Integrate data with previous research - Summarize and draw conclusions |
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WHAT TO INCLUDE IN DISCUSSION SECTION |
Rules Relate results to hypotheses. Relate results to introduction and literature. Recommend applications. Summarizeand state conclusions. |
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Conclusion:Closing remarks |
- Summarized major findings Answers the research questions |
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1. Knowthe history of where ethical principles in research came from.Nazi GermanyMedical Experiments (1933-45)L| |
Nazi GermanyMedical Experiments (1933-45)a. Freezing experiments b. Malaria experiments c. High-altitude experiments d. Sterilization/Castration experiments Led todevelopment of Nuremburg Code (1947) -A set of researchethics priciplesG |
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Whatis an informed consent? Who has to complete one?;&���"�|� |
“The voluntaryconsent of the human subject is absolutely essential” Subject awareness Voluntary consent Mental able subjects Researcher isresponsible for obtaining |
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Whatis the IRB? Who must sit on the IRB? |
The NationalResearch Act of 1974 requires…a. “All research institutions receiving federalfunds establish an Institutional Review Board (IRB) to review and approveresearch projects”.consC| |
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The “Common Rule” (45C.F.R. 46) requires…l- |
a. All research protocols involving human subjectsbe reviewed by an IRB to assure compliance with the requirements set forth inthis policy” Requirements: Must have at least 2members(Genderequality) >1person non-affiliated with the institution 1 non-scientist Those withconflicts of interest are excluded gъk| |
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differentiatebetween Exempt, Expedited, and Full review status |
Exempt Review status: Purposed study has NO risk to adult subjects Does not require all IRB members to meet Research in education settingsInstructionalstrategies, curriculum Survey or interview proceduresAnonymous, norisk involved, no sensitive questions Collecting documents, records, or existing data Expedited review status: Minimal risks involvedGroup orindividual behavior observationMany classprojects Informed or oral consent often required Does not require all IRB members to meet |
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Whatare the 7 most common areas of scientific dishonesty? |
1. Plagiarism—using the ideas, writings, anddrawings of others as your own 2. Fabrication and falsification—making up oraltering data 3. Nonpublication of data 4. Faulty procedures 5. Poor data storage and retention 6. Misleading __________________—who should be anauthor? 7. Sneaky publication practices |
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1. Whatis experimental research? |
Unique in tworespects:Attempts toinfluence a particular variable Best type ofresearch for testing hypotheses about ____________________relationships |
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Internal validity |
To what extent did thetreatment(s) cause changes in the dependent variable(s)? Could the change in the dependentvariable be due to confounding influences/variables? Possible threats to internal validity Try to control subject characteristics thatmight affect study, as much as possible If we are testing whether or not a new textbookis effective for learning French, we would need to control for the preexistingknowledge that the subjects had with the French language. Can you think of other examples? History: unintended event thatoccurs during the treatment period One if the subjects gets sick/ injured Maturation: events due to_________________ Subjects run faster because they are older,train more Testing: effects of more than onetest administration Subjects run longer on the second testadministration because they are acclimated to the test; slower on a third testbecause they are fatigued from the second Instrumentation:change in calibration of measurements • Metabolic cart (measures fat oxidation) losesit’s calibration during the testSelectionbias: nonrandom participant selection • Did every runner on the team get the chance tovolunteer? • Were they in some way not representative of thepopulation? Experimentalmortality: differential loss of ______________Runners stopped due to knee pain,illness during one of the treatments Expectancy:influence of experimenters on participants • Did the researchers subconsciously lead therunners to believe that the fat diet would make them run faster? • Cannot rule this out, since the runners knewwhich diet they were on All of these issues (and potential interactionsbetween them) influence the ability for an experimenter to say the results of astudy are due to the treatment only |
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CONTROLLING INTERNAL VALIDITY- |
Randomization Random selection All members of a population have equal chance ofselection Random assignment Equal chance of group assignment It takes place before the experiment begins Process of assigning the groups takes place Groups should be equivalent |
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1. Whatis external validity and how can it be threatened? |
a. Interaction effects of _________________andexperimental treatment i. Occurs when the subjects selected in a biasedmanner react to an experimental treatment in a way that is specific to group 1. i.e. they are not representative of otherpopulations ii. Example 1. A professor recruits subjects from his classesfor a study on the effects of landing mechanics on forces at the kneejoint. Because the students/subjects areaware of the professor’s research agenda, they try to impress the professor byperforming how they think he wants them to. |
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Reactive or interactive effects of testing: pretest may make participants sensitive to treatment • Results of the first test affects how thesubject responds to the treatment Reactive effects of experimental arrangements: setting constraints may influence _________________ • Results found in a laboratory might not beapplicable in competition • Results from a treadmill test to exhaustion maynot carry over to a race on a track with other competitors Multiple-treatment interference: one treatment may influence the next treatment. • Does the provision of one diet have an effect onothers? |
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External validity- |
The extent to which the findingscan be generalized to the ______________, or to other settings or experimentaltreatments Are the findings unique to thesample, or can they be applied to other groups? |
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1. Howcan confounding factors be controlled?on may |
Randomization:how you assign the subjects to a treatment group or groupsIn a______________design: the subjects selected for the study should beselected at random from a large population of available subjectsHave 100potential subjects, pull 25 names out of a hat In anon-cross over (2 groups of subjects): make sure the 2 groups are asimilar as possible at the beginning of the experiment Placebos:When a treatmentgroup is given a "false" treatment àuntreated groupIn many cases,the thought of getting some sort of intervention is sufficient to elicit somesort of responseIn many exercisestudies, subjects are provided with a "stretching" routine orsomething similar Blindsetups:When subjectshave no idea whether they are being given a treatment or placeboResearcher knows Double-blindsetups:When neither theresearcher that interacts with the subject nor the subject know what treatmentthey are receiving |
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Be able to readexperimental designs as well as draw them Rows indicate agroup of participants R= random assignment of participants O= observation or test T= treatment applied Blank space implies a _______________ ------ = groups are intact, rather thanrandomly formed What are thedifferences between pre-experimental, experimental, and quasi-experimentaldesigns? 1. Pre-experimental study designs:• Controlfor few variables and ________________have random assignment of groups 2. True experimental designs:• Controlfor sources of ____________, and groups are randomly assigned 3. Quazi-experimental designs:• Attemptto maximize real-world settings, while controlling as many sources of invalidityas possible |
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1. Whatis developmental research? Positive and negative aspects? |
Studies designedto assess changes that occur over timeThere are twogeneral designs:_______________: Measures changesover a long period of timeRepetitivesampling of a population of subjects Cross-sectional: Samples subjectsfrom different strata (such as age) to estimate the effects of time Longitudinalstudies are quite _____________ (+) But time consuming (and potentially expensive!)to collect data (-) Multiple testing can influence the behaviors ofthe subjects (-) Loss of subjects, due to moving away,non-compliance, or death (-) Cross-sectionalstudies estimate long-term effects in a shorter, less expensive manner (+) Sampled subjects may not be representative ofpopulation (-) |
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1. Beable to list the ways that quantitative and qualitative research are different?n; >| |
Quantitative:tests hypotheses, investigate cause-and-effect relationships, developpredictions Qualitative:studying and interactions between people |
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1. Whatmethods are used in qualitative research? |
Interviews Person-to-person Individual to agroup Focus groups ObservationDirectly- watching/video taping the behaviors you are interested in Is studyethically and competently conducted ? Ethics is a big issue in qualitative research: Credibility:accurate description of the subjects and setting? Transferability:would the results be useful to those in other settings or conducting researchin similar settings? ______________:how well the researcher dealt with change? Confirmability:could another individual confirm the results? Demonstratingtrustworthiness Clarification of researcher bias Did pre-conceived notion of the researcher havean effect? Triangulation of sources: 3 differentsources of data Negative case checking: instances when unexpected things happened Member checking: when participants agreewith conclusions Peer debriefing: when a colleague challenge results and researcherprovide support |
