People Of The World Exam 2

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Nu

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Considered a life giving substance and can be transfered from person. Women are belived to have excess. Transfer can be beneficial or harmful women can transfer it through cooking and sex. Seen as dangerous by men. Study notes

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Hua

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They change gender categories throughout lifetime. There are two more gender categories based on amount of Nu

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Figpa

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Non inititated people who have lots of nu in their body. Young boys, girls, and women in childbirth and women in menopause, and women who have had less than three kids, and elderly males considered "like woman"

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Kakora

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Initiated people. Males in early teens through early adulthood years and post menopausal women who had more than 3 kids. If you are kakora you are allowed in mens hut.

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abayah

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lower class people dont get to wear it. Women see it as a sign of respect and prestige. Long black cloak worn traditionally by women

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Purdah

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an indian term generally meaning the seclusion of women in serparate quarters.

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Hijab

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Means barrier. Based on the idea of purdah and abbayah

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Bands

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Exclusive and main type till agriculture happened. The !Kung are an example. The least complicated and earliest form. A band consists of a small number of familys living together and helping. Range to 100 but see about 25-50 people.

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Simple bands

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have 1 extended family and exogamous group.

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Tribes

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Different than a band to formalized politics. More unified response to outside threats. Are egalitarian.

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Cheifdoms

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Like tribes. Multicommunity political unit. They have a formalized and centralized political unit. Goverend by one chief and often times also religious leaders. Had authority over whole group. Often times hereditary in alineage. Belive that super natural powers rule. Not equal resources. Governing by decree.

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Tabu

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whatever the sacred chief touched became tabu and only the sacred chief ould touch it. he could not go in anyones house or touch anything. he was also carried.

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Tahiti

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100,000 people. 20 rival chiefs. They have emergence of different types of people. Chiefs (sacred chiefs, small chiefs), Sub-chiefs, and common people.

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States

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Ex. US, Brazil, france. States not based on kinship. But have a structured politica center. and 3 different levels. 1. Ruling elite. 2. bureaucracy. 3. general population

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Bureaucracy

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defines the state. expands region and political control.

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Matrifocal families

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single mother households. sometimes she moves in with her parents due to economic restraints.

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extended families

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most common family type. where you have more than parents and kids in one household multi-generational.

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nuclear family

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a family group that consists only of father, mother, and children

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Emic

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insider perspective

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Etic

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outsider prespective

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Sex

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Biologically determined

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anthropolgical vetos

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you find a negative instance

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Gender

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The roles and behaviors that poeple assosciate with a certain sex. Culturally defined not biologically determined. These are learned actions

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Religion

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cultural knowledge of the super natural that people use to cope with the ultimate life problems of human existence

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Animism

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The belief in spiritual beings

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myth

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oral or written stories about the actions or deeds of super natural powers and cultural heros.

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Cargo cults

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poleynesia. The people believe that their ancestors were with holding material goods and did many rituals to try to get their goods.

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Internal social control

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gossip, ridicule, humiliation, social controls that are brought against people from the group

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External social controls

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come from outside the group. the law

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Worldview

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Provides answers to questions

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Van Gennep

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Studied rites of passage.

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Rites of passage

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a public ceremony or ritual that marks the transition of one period of life to another. The same as everytime preformed. And there are collective efforts. The community participates. Ex. birth, death, puberty, marriage.

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Communitas

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a strong sense of connection with people you went through tire of passage with. develop strong bonds. helps to solidify bonds between people that helps them to work better together later in life.. The more intense and prololonged the transition period the stronger the community is.

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Pilgrimage.

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a journey with a purpose. A ritual act that carries the pilgrim to a place with special meaning or power.

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Karbala

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muslims religious pilgrimage. The tomb of hussein. They go on the 40th day after his death. Both men and women are allowed to go.

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magic

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Strategies that people use to control super natural powers. Ex. The baseball players having certain rituals, Food, or clothing before a game. Latin players kiss their cross necklace or a crucifix. Other cultures use magic all the time. They use a set of well-defined procedures to perform. Magic is external to body. They don’t have it in them

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witchcraft

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characterized by individuals who are born with or eventually acquire evil power whom either knowingly or unknowingly use it to hurt others. This power is in the body or the soul

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sorcery

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The use of magic to cause harm. Sorcerers may create potions or lotion to have an effect on another individual. They direct their magic towards someone whom they wish to harm. Sorcery is not part of the body or person. They use external objects to harm people.

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azande

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The whole society is based on this idea of witchcraft. They believe that people are born with or acquire a power and use it knowingly or unknowingly. Bad events are blamed on witchcraft. This is also a way to keep social control. Nobody wants to be mean or annoy or harm anyone in fear that they will be harmed by someone through witchcraft.

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diviner

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Communicates with super natural powers to answer human directed questions. The diviner take a certain amount of baby chickens and poison. He will then ask a question and then gives the chick poison. If the chick dies or not is what determines the answer.

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shaman

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– Religious specialists who directly control super natural powers. Found in foraging horticulturists and other same societies. They are not necessarily full time and they do posses super natural powers. Shaman also fills in the role of health specialists.

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priests

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Full time religious specialists who mediate between people and super natural beings. A religious leader. You find them in agricultural and industrial societies. They are not super natural beings themselves. They don’t control divine power and don’t have any themselves. They are leaders of congregations. They study the religious texts.

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evil eye

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This power is in the body or the soul. The evil eye falls into this category as we saw in “Guests of the Sheik.” The evil eye is envy. People are envious of you and because of that they can cause you harm.

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polytheism

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belief in or worship of more than one god

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Huichol

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Paodi users. They have a shaman who is called the Maraakame. He is just like everyone else in society but also has a special ability to control super natural powers. He is the leader of the Huichol when they go o a pilgrimage when they go to their homeland. He is believed to be the only person who knows their way to their homeland.

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ritual

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an important part of religion. an aspect of both religious and non religious.

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influence

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ability to convince people they should act like you

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authority

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recoginzed right to make peple act how you think they should.

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composite bands

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multiple families. believed to be formed cause of ecological and outside threats.still informal politically. they have a bigman. they lead by influence.

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Sodalities

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formalized instituions. ex. kinship groups, age sets, warriors society, they unify geographically dispersed communities into one.

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substantive law

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legal stautes that say rigt and wrong. the law.

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law

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cultural knowledge the people use to settle disputes by means of agents who have the recognized authority to do so.

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mythology

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he myths dealing with the gods, demigods, and legendary heroes of a particular people

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cosmology

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a branch of metaphysics that deals with the nature of the universe b: a theory or doctrine describing the natural order of the universe

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sacred

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realm of religious

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profane

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not religious. used to legitiamze power.

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council of 44

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makes political decisions about who goes where, took care of poor, solved problems. cheifs who make up the council are chosen cause of their influence. not hereditary.

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Pilgrimage

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a journey with a purpose. a ritual act taht carries the pilgrim to a place with special meaning or power.

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Flagellation

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physically beating themselves. The men do this when the visit mecca.

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Hajj

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The pilgriamge to mecca

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imitative magic

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what you do is what you get. Ex. Voodoo doll.

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contagious magic

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Contagious Magic – an object that has been in contact with a person contains a magical connection to that person. Ex. Hair, teeth, nails, poop.

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epistemology

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the way we know, understand, and explain things. Taoism has a different geography of the body.

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etiology

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Cause of a disease. In a hot cold explanation of disease the etiology says that there is too much how or too much cold. In Chi the chi is out of whack. Can characterized by an imbalance of chi, hot or cold food, wind or air. Intrusion is also considered etiology for example witchcraft, germs

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epidemiology

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a branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population 2 : the sum of the factors controlling the presence or absence of a disease or pathogen

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chi

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chi is vital energy. the life force

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illness

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a branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population 2 : the sum of the factors controlling the presence or absence of a disease or pathogen

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disease

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a Practitioner of a medical institution creates and recasting of illnesses in terms of theories of disorders.

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culture bound syndromes

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Illnesses that are found only in a certain culture.

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El nahra

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where the iraqi shiites lived in in the guests of the sheik.

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Dowry

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family of bride gives portion of wealth to bride and or grooms family but they are not acquiring rights over male or children. type of early inheritance. takes place in india. takes place in highly stratified communites and where women are not highly valued.

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bride price

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exchange of money or goods to to brides family from grooms or grooms kensmen. this is usually negotiated before marriage takes place.

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bride service

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the male has to work with the brides family and take care of them for a period of time. this gives the brides family a chance to see how they will treat her. usually see this in a society where women are valued.

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exchange of females

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normally occurs in foraging or horticulture groups. a women marries into a group then a women from the group she married into goes to the group the bride came from. this balances out the group. also provides people with marriage opportunites.

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gift exchange

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families give gifts to eachother. polyenisian families do this. this involves balanced reciprocity. until it is considered balanced reciprocity the marriage cannot occur.

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monotheism

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the doctrine or belief that there is but one God

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berdache

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sometimes offensive : an American Indian who assumes the dress, social status, and role of the opposite sex

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supernatural

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departing from what is usual or normal especially so as to appear to transcend the laws of nature b: attributed to an invisible agent (as a ghost or spirit)

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quinceanera

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a mexican girls 15th birthday. also seen as a rite of passage

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machismo

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1 : a strong sense of masculine pride : an exaggerated masculinity 2 : an exaggerated or exhilarating sense of power or strength

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burqa

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a loose enveloping garment that covers the face and body and is worn in public by certain Muslim women

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kibbutz

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a communal farm or settlement in Israel

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mecca

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a place regarded as a center for a specified group, activity, or interest <a vacation mecca>

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depression

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a state of feeling sad : dejection (2): a psychoneurotic or psychotic disorder marked especially by sadness, inactivity, difficulty in thinking and concentration, a significant increase or decrease in appetite and time spent sleeping, feelings of dejection and hopelessness, and sometimes suicidal tendencies

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justice

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the quality of being just, impartial, or fair b (1): the principle or ideal of just dealing or right action (2): conformity to this principle or ideal

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veil

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a length of cloth worn by women as a covering for the head and shoulders and often especially in Eastern countries for the face

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initiated

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to induct into membership by or as if by special rites

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Ireland/schizophrenia

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2. Ireland has had the highest rates of schizophrenia. Men are more likely to have it than women. What she found was that the places she studied in Ireland were very strong catholic communities and they were beginning to move into the cities. When the older men and women are leaving and the young men have to stay behind they become isolated.

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Epidemiological transition

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Different types of disease affecting human population. We believe there is 3 transitions. When we became agriculturists we see the emergence of chicken pox, small pox, cow pox. It is also involved with the selection of food. This was the first epidemiological transition. As we industrialized medicine began to become better. We invented vaccinations and learned how to treat people quickly so they would not die or spread it. This was the 2nd epidemiological transition where we started to eliminate infectious diseases and moved back into chronic diseases. We are starting to move into a 3rd epidemiological with the emergence of infectious diseases. They are not reacting to our antibiotics. They are drug resistant.