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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pelvic limb functions 2
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weight bearing
propulsion |
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each pelvic limb consists of: 4
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one half of the pelvic girdle
one thigh (femur) the crus or leg (tibia and fibula) the hindpaw or pes (tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges) |
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pelvic girdle composed of two os coxae
literal translation each os coxae formed by: 4 bones united dorsally and midventrally, how? |
bone of the hip
each os coxae formed by ilium, ischium, pubis, and acetabular bones united dorsally with sacrum and first few caudal vertebrae, and midventrally united at pelvic symphysis |
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os coxae
1. ilium 6 parts |
wing
body iliac crest greater ischiatic notch tuber coxae tuber sacrale |
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os coxae
2. ischium 3 parts |
ischiatic tuberosity-att pt for sacrotuberous ligament, crus of penis, ischiocavernosus m, biceps femoris m, semitendinous m, and semimembranous m.
ischiatic spine-att site for coccygeus m lesser ischiatic notch |
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os coxae
3. pubis 2 parts |
iliopubic eminence: muscle att for pectineus, *for femoral pulse
pubic tubercle |
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os coxae
4. acetabular bone 5 parts where hip joint is; ball and socket, joint capsule, ligament 80% of strength of joint = muscles around joint |
acetabulum
acetabular fossa: where ligament of head of femur att (the hole) acetabular notch: att site for transverse acetabular ligament (where circle is not complete) obturator foramen pelvic symphysis- common fracture site in dogs |
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femur- largest, heaviest bone in body
12 parts |
head(M), neck, fovea capitis femoris
greater trochanter(L), lesser trochanter(M), third trochanter(L), trochanteric fossa, intertrochanteric crest body, medial and lateral condyles intercondylar fossa trochlea |
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sesamoid bones of stifle joint
2 |
patella: bone inside stifle joint
fabella: -sesamoid bones of the gastrocnemius muscle(2) -sesamoid bone of the popliteus |
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tibia 4 parts
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medial and lateral condyles
intercondylar eminence tibial tuberosity medial malleolus |
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fibula (lateral) 1 part
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lateral malleolus
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tarsal bones
proximal row (2) dentral tarsal bone distal bone (4) |
proximal row (2) calcaneus:
-tuber calcanei -sustenaculum tali talus -trochlea central tarsal bone (tibial tarsal bone) distal row (4) first, second, third, and fourth tarsal bones |
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metatarsal bones (4 or 5)
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(first), second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal bones, first metatarsal may be absent, divided or rudimentary
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phalanges (3)
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proximal phalanx p1
middle phalanx p2 distal phalanx p3 |
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other pes structures
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metatarsal pad
digital pad |
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joints of the pelvic limb 4
what they join |
sacroiliac joint - wings of ilium and wings of sacrum
pelvic symphysis- joining of pubis and ischium from each os coxae, common fracture site in dogs hip joint - head of femur and acetabulum stifle joint - join femur to tibia and fibula |
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1. sacroiliac joint STABILITY
1 ligament origin for 4 muscles where it runs |
sacrotuberous ligament: origin for
biceps femoris, superficial gluteal, middle gluteal, caudal crural abductor fibrous cord from transverse process of last sacral vertebrae and first caudal vertebrae to ischial tuberosity |
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2. pelvic symphysis
change with age |
moves from caudal aspect forward, increased ossification with age
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3. hip joint (coxal or coxofemoral articulation)
joint type movement articular capsule: 2 ligaments 2 ligaments make up 20% of joint strength |
ball and socket
flexion and extension ligament of femoral head transverse acetabular ligament (completes acetabular notch circle) |
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4. stifle joint
joint type 2 joints within: femorotibial joint - condyle of femur and condyle of tibia 7 femoropatellar joint - trochlea of femur and patella 3 |
femorotibial joint
-medial and lateral collateral ligaments -medial and lateral meniscus C shaped on tibia (lateral=thicker) -cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments (caudal=stronger) x shaped; name based on insertion on tibia -meniscofemoral ligament - from lateral meniscus femoropatellar joint -patellar LIGAMENT -medial and lateral femoropatellar ligaments |
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tendon vs ligament
connects bone or muscle |
tendon: muscle to bone
ligament: bone to bone |
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cranial cruciate ligament tests
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cranial tibial thrust test: big dogs, hold femur and paw
cranial drawer test: don't move femur, push tibia cranially |
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muscles of the thigh 1
sublumbar; combination of psoas major and iliacus m origin/insertion function innervation |
iliopsoas m
o: lumbar vertebrae and craniolateral ilium i: lesser trochanter of femur f: FLEX hip innerv: lumbar n and femoral n |
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lateral muscles of the rump 4
all innerv. by cranial gluteal n except for superficial gluteal (caudal gluteal n) |
tensor fascia latae- tenses lateral femoral fascia, flexes hip and extends stifle
middle gluteal- originates on the crest and gluteal surface of ilium and inserts on the greater trochanter, extends and abducts the hip, rotates limb medially deep gluteal- also extends/abducts hip and rotates limb medially superficial gluteal- extends hip and abducts the limb |
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caudal hip muscles 4
innerv. sciatic nerve except external obturator m (obturator n) all insert on trochanteric fossa or just distal (quadratus femoris). all rotate femur laterally |
internal obturator-dorsal to pelvis
gemelli (twins) cranial and caudal parts divided by tendon of internal obturator quadratus femoris - also extends the hip external obturator-ventral to pelvis |
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caudal thigh muscles 3
innerv by sciatic nerve, originate from ischial tuberosity and function to extend hip |
biceps femoris- inserts on patellar ligament, cranial part of tibia, and tuber calcanei; functions to extend hip, stifle, hock, caudal part of the muscles flexes the stifle
semitendinosus- inserts on tuber calcanei and functions to extend hip, flex stifle, extend hock semimembranosus- inserts distal medial lip of caudal femur and prox end of tibia, function to extend hip, can extend of flex stifle depending on part. |
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caudal thigh muscles associated structure
popliteal lymph nodes drains, palpable, where found |
drains pelvic limb them to superficial inguinal lymph nodes; palpable with popliteal fossa; found between distal part of biceps femoris and semitendinosus
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common calcanean tendon (achilles tendon) formed by 5 muscles
2 major contributors |
gastrocnemius (major contributor)
superficial digital flexor (major contrib) biceps femoris semitendinosus gracilis |
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medial thigh muscles 4
all innervated by the obturator n except sartorius (saphenous/femoral n) all adduct limb except sartorius (flex hip) |
sartorius - flex hip
gracilis - from symphysis to tibia to tuber calcanei, adduct limb pectineus - iliopubic eminence to distal femur *** femoral pulse, hip dysplasia=strong pectineus adductor |
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cranial thigh muscles 1 (4 parts)
all innerv by femoral n originate on prox femur and body of ilium (rectus femoris) and insert on tibial tuberosity function to extend stifle (rectus femoris flexes hip) necessary for supporting pelvic limb |
quadriceps femoris 4 heads come together distally
rectus femoris vastus lateralis vastus intermedius vastus medialis |
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craniolateral muscles of crus
4 all innerv by parts of peroneal n 1. cranial tibial |
o: lateral edge of cranial tibial border
i: plantar surface of base of MT I and II f: flex tarsus and rotate paw laterally innerv: deep peroneal n |
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craniolateral muscles of crus
4 all innerv by parts of peroneal n 2. long digital extensor |
o: extensor fossa of femur
i: inserts on extensor processes of the distal phalanges of digits II - V f: extend digits, flex tarsus innerv. deep peroneal n |
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craniolateral muscles of crus
4 all innerv by parts of peroneal n 3. lateral digital extensor |
innerv. superficial peroneal n
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craniolateral muscles of crus
4 all innerv by parts of peroneal n 4. peroneus longus |
o: lateral condyle of femur
i: fourth tarsal and metatarsal bones (plantar aspect) f: flex tarsus and rotate paw medially so plantar surface faces laterally |
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caudal crus muscles 4
all innervated by tibial n. 1. gastrocnemius (calf) |
o: on caudal surface of medial and lateral condyles of femur
i: tuber calcanei f: extends tarsus; flex stifle |
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caudal crus muscles 4
all innerv by tibial n 2. superficial digital flexor |
o: lateral condyle of femur
i: tuber calcanei and bases of middle phalanges II - V f: extend tarsus; flex stifle, flex first two digital joints* |
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caudal crus muscles 4
all innerv by tibial n 3. deep digital flexor 2 heads |
o: proximal tibia
i: plantar surface of each of the distal phalanges f: flex digits and extend tarsus -medial head= medial digital flexor -lateral head= lateral digital flexor (larger) |
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caudal crus muscles 4
all innerv by tibial n 4. popliteus |
caudal to stifle joint
f: medial rotation of leg |
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reflex testing: spine and pelvic limb
purpose? |
to check for injuries, neurodamage
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clinical correlates
sites to determine pulse 3 |
femoral a. in femoral triangle
cranial br of saphenous a over middle third of tibia dorsal pedal a - over dorsum of tarsus |
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nerves of pelvic limb
lumarsacral plexus |
ventral branches of lumbar and sacral nerves ( L4, 5, 6, 7 and S1, 2)
nerves of pelvic limb arise from lumbosacral plexus |
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nerves of pelvic limb
1. obturator nerve location innervates adductors |
(L4-6) medial, innervates the adductors (external obturator, adductor longus, pectineus, adductor magnus and brevis, and gracilis)
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nerves of pelvic limb
2. femoral n patellar reflex test location innervates extensors of stifle |
(L4-6) medial, innervates extensors of stifle, iliopsoas, quadriceps femoris (weight bearing)
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nerves of pelvic limb
3. saphenous n innervates branch off femoral n runs |
innervates sartorius
runs cranially from femoral; then medially skin pinching test |
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nerves of pelvic limb
4. pudendal nerve location 3 branches |
caudal, lateral to coccygeus/levator ani, dorsal to internal pudendal vessel
a. caudal rectal n (external anal sphincter) b. perineal n (skin of anus/perineum) c. dorsal n or penis/clitoris |
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nerves of pelvic limb
5. caudal cutaneous femoral n |
mostly united to pudendal, follows caudal gluteal a, skin proximal to caudal thigh
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nerves of pelvic limb
6. caudal gluteal n (L6,7;S1) 7. cranial gluteal n (L7;S1,2) 8. sciatic n (L6,7;S1,2) all make up lumbosacral trunk |
caudal gluteal n - innerv superficial gluteal m
cranial gluteal n - innerv middle/deep gluteals and tensor fasciae latae sciatic n - lateral innerv gemelli, int obturator, quadratus femoris, biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus terminates as common peroneal n |
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nerves of pelvic limb
sciatic nerve terminates as: 9.common peroneal nerve -2 branches 10. tibial n |
common peroneal n. - innervates peroneus longus
- superficial peroneal n = peroneal n - innerv lateral digital extensor and peroneus brevis - deep peroneal n - innerv cranial tibial, extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum brevis tibial n - runs bwt head of gastrocnemius, innerv gastrocnemius, superficial digital flexor, popliteus, deep digital flexor, and plantar m |
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vessels of pelvic limb
abdominal aorta terminates at L6-L7 as left and right internal and external iliac a and then median sacral a. internal iliac a and branches (2) |
interal iliac a to pelvic cavity and gluteal region
-caudal gluteal to lateral gluteal region -internal pudendal a to pelvic cavity and urogenital organs |
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vessels of pelvic limb
abdominal aorta terminates at L6-L7 as left and right internal and external iliac a and then median sacral a. *external iliac a and branches (5) |
*external iliac a to pelvic limb
-deep femoral a to medial thigh muscles ~medial circumflex femoral a ~pudendoepigastric trunk +external pudendal a +caudal epigastric a -*femoral a |
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branches off femoral a 9
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superficial circumflex iliac a
lateral circumflex femoral a saphenous a descending genicular a distal caudal femoral a popliteal a -cranial tibial a ~dorsal pedal a -caudal tibial a |
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vessels of pelvic limb
abdominal aorta terminates at L6-L7 as left and right internal and external iliac a and then median sacral a |
median sacral a
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pelvic limb veins7
* exceptions are saphenous veins |
medial saphenous v - drains into femoral v
lateral saphenous v - drains into distal caudal femoral v femoral v external iliac v internal iliac v common iliac v caudal vena cava |
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clinical correlate
venipuncture |
the lateral saphenous v is a common site for this procedure
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femoral triangle
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contains femoral a, v, and saphenous n; most common site to determine pulse rate and quality; boundaries:
cranially - sartorius caudally - pectineus and adductor m laterally - vastus medialis and rectus femoris |
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vascular lacuna
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opening through which the external iliac a passes to the pelvic limb; located at the base of the femoral triangle bwt the inguinal ligament and the pelvis
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