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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What ages are considered early childhood, and how are they divided?
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Early childhood: 1-6 years
1. Toddlers (1-3 y) 2. Preschoolers (3-5) |
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TODDLERS
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TODDLERS
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What are 7 growth qualities that are exhibited in toddlerhood?
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1. growth slows down
2. BW quadrupled 3. CC>HC 4. Extensive leg elongation 5. pot belly 6. anterior fontanelle closes 7. 1st molars start to erupt |
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At what age does the anterior fontanelle close?
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18 mo
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What is the major gross motor skill that is apparent in toddlers?
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LOCOMOTION (jumping, running, etc.)
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Other than illness, what is the number one cause of death in toddlers? Why?
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Injuries: don't have the cognitive or physical maturity (coordination) that is required for the things that they attempt
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What are 4 fine motor skills associated with toddlerhood?
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1. scribbling
2. COPY circles 3. start to dress themselves 4. build a block tower higher than 3 |
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Which nutritional state characterizes toddlerhood?
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physiological anorexia
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Why does physiological anorexia occur in toddlers?
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toddlers don't eat as much as they would during infancy because they have less body requirements (from not growing as much)
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How much milk per day can a toddler have?
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no more than 1 L
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What can more than 1 L of milk/day lead to?
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milk can interfere with absorption of Fe
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What other factor may cause a child to be Fe deficient?
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Since toddlers are very picky and less hungry, they may not be eating foods that they should be eating to get Fe requirements
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Describe 2 major language developments in toddlerhood.
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1. increases comprehension of words more than vocab
2. can put multi-phrases together |
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What type of play is characteristic in toddlerhood?
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parallel play: when the toddlers play with the same toy next to each other without interacting
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Which major task of development is initiated during toddlerhood?
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toilet training
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At which age are internal anal and urethral sphincters mature enough for toilet draining?
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18 mo
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Which signals alert parents that their toddler is ready to begin toilet training?
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1. being able to pull up their pants
2. longer periods of time with a dry diaper (ie sleep through the night with a dry diaper) 3. want privacy 4. don't like being wet anymore and hand the diaper to you 5. may sit on potty chair while wearing a diaper |
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Which is accomplished first, bladder control or bowel control? Why?
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Bowel control because it is more predictable
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At which age might we consider enuresis a physiological or psychological problem?
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4-5 y
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What should a parent do if he/she is having a difficult time toilet training?
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Hold back; this struggle involves the child's control of who they are
if the parent makes it an issue, it will become more of an issue |
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If a child was potty trained at 18 mo, but then was hospitalized at 2 and a half, what might happen?
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regression (bed wetting, baby talk, wanting bottle)
**this might also happen if a new baby comes into the house |
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What is the best thing to advise parents when their toddler shows signs of regression?
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IGNORE the behavior---99% of them go back
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Which of Erickson's psychosocial theories applies to toddlerhood?
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autonomy vs shame-doubt
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What is a primary feature of a toddler's task in autonomy vs shame-doubt?
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controlling their bodies and their environment (holding on/letting go)
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Since autonomy is a scary phase, what should we provide to toddlers
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routines and rituals to give them a sense of comfort and security
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How do toddlers assert their ability to control their environment?
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1. say NO
2. temper tantrums |
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Which stages of Piaget's cognitive development are associated with toddlerhood?
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IN BETWEEN sensorimotor and preoperational (preconceptual) stages
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Which sensorimotor concept from infancy is further developed into toddlerhood? Give an example
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object permanence
ex: can't see the caretaker, but they know they're there because they can hear them in another room |
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Which other cognitive advances are significant in toddlerhood?
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1. have more of an understanding of cause and effect
2. less fearful when the parents are around 3. imitation (ie of sibling) 4. start to develop a concept of time |
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What is the worst way for a parent to leave a child?
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"sneak out"
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What is a transitional object?
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blanket, teddy bear, or something from home that might help give the child a sense of security
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When could a transitional object be used?
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helps the toddler feel more comfortable when the parent has to leave and it helps the toddler know that the parent will come back
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PRESCHOOL YEARS (3-5 Y)
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PRESCHOOL YEARS (3-5 Y)
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Describe growth in preschoolers.
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1. mostly in long bones
2. slows down 3. weight slows down and stabilizes |
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Which type of gross motor activities do preschoolers engage in?
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activities that require balance and strength: they're more coordinated, even though they do the same things that they did in toddlerhood
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List 4 fine motor skills that preschoolers acquire.
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1. use scissors
2. draw circle/square on their own 3. draw a 6 part person 4. can button clothes and tie shoes |
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Describe nutrition in preschoolers.
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1. erratic appetite with strong food preferences
2. meal time social event (ie like to set table, etc.) |
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List language features of preschoolers.
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1. 2000 words vocab
2. can talk in 4-5 word sentences 3. grasp of meaning literal 4. naughty words |
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At which age can you notice speech delays?
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3 y, when the child is supposed to talk to themselves, toys, or pets (egocentric)
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At what age do preschoolers use words to transmit information other than their own needs/feelings?
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4 y
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What are 3 types of play that preschoolers are expected to engage in?
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1. dramatic play
2. association play 3. cooperative play |
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Give an example of dramatic play
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dress up
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What type of play is good for allowing children to express their anxieties about being in the hospital?
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dramatic play
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What is association play?
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when kids play a game together (ie chutes and ladders)
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What is cooperative play?
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when the children are working together to reach a common outcome (ie playing on a team to win together)
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Which type of play should we be concerned with if this is the only type of play that takes place?
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Solitary play
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Which of Erickson's psychosocial theories are applied to preschoolers?
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initiative vs guilt
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How do you develop initiative in a preschooler?
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give them a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction in what they do via praise!
**this group wants to please parents and teachers |
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Which of Piaget's cognitive phases can be applied to preschoolers?
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preoperational phase
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What type of thinking is characterized by the preoperational phase?
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Magical thinking: when the preschooler thinks their thoughts give them control
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Why is the preoperational phase the worst phase to separate fantasy from reality?
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1. they have the greatest number of fears
2. they have a fear of mutilation (think they won't be able to talk anymore) |
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What are preschoolers particularly aware of?
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their body parts
-masterbation is a part of this phase -teach difference between good and bad touch -sex role differentiation -modesty |
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SCHOOL AGE (6-12)
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SCHOOL AGE (6-12)
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Describe the general growth patters in school age children (6).
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1. last period when boys and girls are in close proportions
2. increase in height 3. decrease in weight 4. increase in muscle development and strength (NOT coordination) 5. jaw changes 6. all body organs fully developed |
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What developmental stage occurs at the end of the school age phase?
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puberty
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At what age do children start to lose their baby teeth?
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6 y
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Which changes does your jaw need to accommodate for by age 12?
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the 22-26 permanent teeth that you should have
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Which types of advanced activities do school age children participate in to exercise their gross motor skills?
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activities that require strength and balance: ie, riding a 2 wheeler
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What social pressures should parents be worried about in terms of nutrition?
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anorexia, bulemia, eating fast food
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School age children need calories, which form of these calories is particularly important? Why?
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protein!
their bodies are getting ready for a growth spurt (most kids do not take in enough in preparation for their growth spurt) |
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Who are 2 influential groups in the child's life when it comes to making nutritional decisions? Who is more influential?
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1. peers (give confidence to pull away)
2. parents (more influential) |
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Why is more sleep needed during this phase?
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for the pre-adolescent growth spurt
you grow in your sleep, and GH increases at night |
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When do most kids stop napping?
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preschool years
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Why is it important that children take classes that introduce family planning and sexuality?
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so that kids get a good feeling about their bodies and sexualities
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Which of Erickson's theories applies to school age children 6-12?
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industry vs. inferiority
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What is important to help kids develop a sense of industry?
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self-esteem
*kids with good self-esteem are less predisposed to risky behavior during adolescence *dont have to be successful at everything |
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Which of Piaget's theories applies to children ages 6-12?
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concrete operational: they start to consider alternate solutions to problems
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What are the 3 parts to concrete operational development?
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1. conservation
2. reversibility 3. classification |
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Describe conservation
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matter doesn't change when the form is altered
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Why is reversibility important to develop?
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1. math skills (1+2=2+1)
2. retracing steps |
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ADOLESCENCE 12-21 Y
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ADOLESCENCE 12-21 Y
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What are the 3 phases of adolescence?
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1. early (12-14 y)
2. middle (15-17 y) 3. late (18-21 y) |
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Which phase of adolescence is most difficult? Why?
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middle adolescence
it is when they become part of gangs, get involved in risky behavior, and have a difficult relationship with their parents |
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When does the pre-pubescent growth spurt begin in girls?
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9.5 y
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When does the pre-pubescent growth spurt begin in boys?
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10.5 y
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When is the average growth spurt for boys?
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13 y
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Describe the HPA in a pubescent female.
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hypothalamus-->pituitary-->elevates FSH and LH
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What does the elevation in FSH and LH stimulate?
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1. ovarian development
2. estrogen production |
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What is the first stage in female puberty?
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thelarche
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What is thelarche and when does it occur?
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breast development; usually occurs about a year after their growth spurt
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What is the next phase in female puberty?
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adrenarche
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What is adrenarche and when does it occur?
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pubic hair development;
occurs 2-6 mo after breast development |
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What is menarche and when does it occur?
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onset of menses
occurs about 2 years after breast development |
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How long do girls continue to grow after menses?
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a max of 2 years
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Is it unusual for a girl to have irregular menses for the first 6 mo-1 year after onset?
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no
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Which hormones elevate in male puberty?
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FSH and LH
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What is LH responsible for in men?
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1. testicular enlargement
2. testosterone production |
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What is FSH important for in men?
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seminiferious tubule development (important for fertility)
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At which age does the first stage in male puberty begin?
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anywhere between 9.5 and 13 years
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What occurs in the first stage in male puberty?
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Early puberty:
1. testicular enlargement 2. appearance of pubic hair 3. changes in scrotum (thinning and reddening) |
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What occurs in male mid puberty?
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mid puberty:
1. voice changes 2. increase in facial/axillary hair 3. increase in acne 4. increase in muscle mass 5. penile enlargement |
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What occurs in male late puberty?
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late puberty:
1. increase in axillary and facial hair 2. first ejaculation |
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For how long do boys continue to grow?
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up until they're 21 (some may even grow in college years)
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What must occur for a boy to be considered to have delayed puberty?
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1. no testicular enlargement
2. no scrotal changes or development of pubic hair by 13.5-14 years |
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Which hormones, released in puberty, are responsible for axillary and pubic hair growth?
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androgens
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When should you begin documenting tanner stages in boys and girls?
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school age
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Where should you document your tanner stage findings?
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GU
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Which of Erickson's developmental theories applies to adolescence?
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identity vs role confusion
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What must be accomplished in order for an adolescent to develop a sense of identity?
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the adolescent must pass Erickson's previous stages
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Which of Piaget's developmental theories applies to adolescence?
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formal operational, in which they have very advanced (ie abstract) thinking
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Which forms of abstract thinking do teenagers develop?
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1. inductive and deductive reasoning
2. decision making ability increases 3. understanding consequences |
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Which delays cause adolescents to "not think it'll happen to them"?
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delays in the frontal lobe and amygdala prevent teens from understanding the laws of probability
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How should a health care provider interact with a teenager?
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1. provide a comfortable environment to them
2. be honest 3. don't be patronizing 4. don't talk to them like they're a child 5. be understanding, warm, and compassionate (don't tell them not to cry) **this encourages them to come back for health care |
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What is the number 1 cause of death in adolescents?
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motor vehicle accidents
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What is the number 2 cause of death in adolescents?
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suicide OR homicide, depending on where you live
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What are warning signs of suicide?
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1. dramatic mood change
2. frequent talk of death/hopelessness 3. sad/downcast 4. loss of interest in friends/activities 5. withdrawn 6. trouble in school/poor grades 7. alcohol and drug abuse (behavior change) 8. giving away possessions that mean a lot to them 9. apathetic about the future |
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Describe an adolescent's nutritional needs.
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increase protein, calories, zinc, calcium and iron, body image, eating disorders
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What is the average age of thelarche?
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9-13 years
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What is the average age of menarche?
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10.5-15 y
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