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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Human milk is associated with ____ reflux and colic than formula
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Less
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Most common complication of untreated ureteral reflux in children
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Renal scarring --> ESRD/ HTN
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Most common predisposing factor for acute bacterial sinusitis
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Viral URI
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Failure to pass meconium within first 24hrs often indicates
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Hirschsprung's disease
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Intramural air in the bowel indicates
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Pneumatosis intestinalis, indicating necrotizing enterocolitis
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Rx for NEC
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Antibiotics
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Rx for respiratory distress from foreign body aspiration
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Direct laryngoscopy and rigid (NOT flexible) bronchoscopy
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Should preemies should be given vaccinations based on their gestational or chronological age?
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Chronological
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How much do babies need to weight in order to receive the HBV vaccine?
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2kg
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Leukocoria, sensitivity to light, and excessive lacrimation
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Congenital glaucoma
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Rx for nursemaid's elbow (child keeps arm pronated, no swelling or deformity)
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Rotating hand and forearm to supinated position w/ pressure over radial head (to reduce the annular ligament)
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Most common elbow dislocation
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Posterior
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Tenderness of lateral epicondyle + pain w/ passive wrist flexion and resisted wrist extension
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Tennis elbow
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Baseball player w/ pain, crepitation, and loss of motion of arm
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Osteochondrosis of capitellum (Panner disease)
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Clay colored stools, dark urine, enlarged liver + conjugated hyperbili 1-6wks after birth
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Biliary atresia
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Rx for breastfeeding jaundice
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Increase the frequency and duration of feedings to stimulate more milk production
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Rx for bili > 17 and for bili > 25
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Phototherapy
Exchange transfusion |
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2wo with bilious vomiting, abdominal distension, and passage of bloodstained stools
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Midgut volvulus
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Non-bilious projectile vomiting in a 6wo first-born male
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Pyloric stenosis
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Top 3 causes of ear infections
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Strep pneumo, non-typable H influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis
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Viral causes of rubeola, rubella, and roseola
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Measles, german measles, HHV6
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Descending rash + fever + lymphadenopathy
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Rubella
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Risk of rapid drops in sodium level (e.g. from rehydrating with hypotonic solutions)
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Cerebral edema
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5 long-term neuro sequelae of bacterial meningitis
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Hearing loss, loss of cognitive functions (e.g. regression of milestones in kids), seizures, mental retardation, spasticity or paresis
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What is alexia
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Acquired reading disorder subsequent to brain injury in previously literate pt
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Abx choices for septic arthritis
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<5: nafcillin (or vanc) + 3rd gen cef
>5: nafcillin (or vanc) alone |
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Gait disturbances, pes cavus, ataxia, absent ankle jerks
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Friedreich's ataxia
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Proximal and distal hypotonia since birth, normal social and language skills, and tongue fibrillations
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Infantile spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)
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Another name for infantile SMA
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Werdnig-Hoffman's syndrome
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Triple bubble on abdominal XR
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Jejunal atresia
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Knee pain from repetitive injury sports in adolescent males w/ some edema and tenderness over tibial tubercle
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Osgood-Schlatters Disease
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Another name for and Rx for Osgood-Schlatters Disease
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Traction apophysitis
Activity restriction, stretching, NSAIDs |
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How to distinguish patellar tendonitis from traction apophysitis
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Pts w/ patellar tendonitis have point tenderness at inferior pole of patella
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Knee XR with irregularity/ fracture of the tibial tubercle
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Traction apophysitis
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Feared complication fo meningococcemia
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Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (sudden vasomotor collapse and purpura on flanks due to adrenal hemorrhage)
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CF is due to what category of mutation
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Deletion
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Opsonization defect is most commonly due to ___ and leads to infections with ___ organisms
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Asplenia
Encapsulated (e.g. S pneumo) |
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Delayed growth spurt, delayed puberty, and delayed bone age on XR
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Constitutional growth delay (will eventually reach a normal height)
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Normal birth weight and height, but then growth velocity slows, and child following growth curve at around 5th percentile for multiple years
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Constitutional growth delay
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Rx for gonococcal conjunctivitis (2nd-5th day of life)
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Ceftriaxone
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Rx for chlamydial conjunctivitis
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Oral erythromycin or reduce risk of chlamydial PNA
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Most common cause of polycythemia in newborns
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Delayed clamping of the umbilical cord --> excess transfer of placental blood
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Most common complications of polycythemia in newborns
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Respiratory distress, poor feeding, neuro symptoms (lethargy, irritability, seizures)
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Dx and Rx for transposition
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Echo
Prostaglandin E1 to stabilize (maintains PDA), then surgery |
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What type of virus is rubella?
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Toga virus
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Congenital infections: cardiac anomalies (PDA and ASD), "blueberry muffin spots" (purpura), jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly
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Rubella (+ hearing loss and cataracts)
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Women are at risk of transmitting rubella during which part of pregnancy
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First four weeks if primary infection
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Pain in the hip that gradually progresses in a child with sickle cell anemia
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Avascular necrosis of the femoral head
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By 1yo, how much should a child have grown compared to birth weight?
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Triple birth weight
Increase height by 50% |
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How to distinguish ADHD from hearing impairment?
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Hearing impairment also has poor language development and social isolation
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Pt normal at birth, then develops muscle weakness and global wasting
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Myotonic muscular dystrophy
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Definition of myotonia
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Delayed muscle relaxation (e.g. inability to release hand after handshake)
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Another name for and inheritance of myotonic muscular dystophy
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Steinert disease
AD |
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Other systems involved in myotonic dystophy
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Endocrine (DM, testicular atorphy, frontal baldness, hypothyroidism)
Immune Neuro |
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Dx for suspected severe GERD
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Modified barium swallow with fluorscopy (allows visualization of swallow reflux)
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Dx for suspected PUD
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Endoscopy (allows for biopsy and culture)
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What is Sandifer syndrome?
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Condition in which infants arch and become tonic when feeding to protect their airway from refluxing gastric contents
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Dx for suspected Sandifer syndrome
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Esophageal pH probe
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Rx for eosinophilic esophagitis
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Corticosteroids and trigger avoidance
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XR with dilated loops of bowel and stomach + "curly Q twist of barium
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Malrotation
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Rx for malro/volvulus
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Surgery
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Echogenic bowel on prenatal ultrasound, then dilated loops of bowel w/ bubbly or granular appearance on XR at birth
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Meconium ileus
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Meconium ileus is pathognomonic for
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CF
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ASCA is often positive in ___ while p-ANCA is often positive in ____
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Crohn's
UC |
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Most serious complication of ulcerative colitis
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Toxic megacolon
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Rx for Hirschsprung's disease
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Surgery
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When are reflux meds indicated
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Other medical problems (reflux-induced apnea or bradycardia, aspiration PNA, poor weight gain)
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Diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum
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Radionucleotide scan (technetium)
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Rx of Meckel's
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Surgical excision
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Dx of lactose intolerance
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Hydrogen excretion in breath after oral admin of lactose (or acidic stool pH in presence of reducing substances)
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Causes of direct hyperbili (>20) in infants
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CF, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, galactosemia, tyrosinemia, infection, choledochal cyst
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Moribund appearance indicates dehydration to what extent
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>10%
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First teeth to erupt
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Mandibular central incisors (last are second molars)
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Infantile tooth decay, maxillary worse than mandibular
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From bottles
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Rx for completely avulsed secondary teeth
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Dental eval w/in 30 min, ensure not a partial avulsion, transport teeth in milk, saline, or someone's mouth
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Caues and largest risk factor for indirect inguinal hernia
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Patent processus vaginalis
Prematurity |
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Cause of direct inguinal hernia
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Weak musculature in inguinal canal
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Rx for indirect inguinal hernia
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Surgery b/c incarceration is common
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How to distinguish swallowed maternal blood from fetal hemorrhage
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Apt test (fetal Hb unchanged in response to alkali, adult Hb changes to hematin)
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Rx for NEC
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Abx, surgery only if perforated
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Dx of EHEC (from uncooked beef)
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Stool Cx on sorbitol-MacKonkey agar or assay for shiga toxin
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Vitamin deficiency: diffuse tenderness (esp on legs), poor wound healing, evidence of hemorrhage, irritability, swelling, tachypnea, poor appetite
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Vitamin C
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Vita deficiency: dry skin, poor growth, impaired cognition
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Vita A (+ night blindness)
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Ingestions: N/V/D, abd pain, GI bleeding, metabolic acidosis, small opacities on XR
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Iron poisoning
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Ingestions: lethargy, fever, hyperpnea, vomiting, tinnitus, metabolic acidosis, unremarkable XR
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Aspirin poisoning
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Ingestions: anorexia, bulging fontanelle (pseudotumor cerebri), hyperirritability, vomiting
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Vita A
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Ingestions: anorexia, N/V/D, headache, polyuria and polydipsia
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Vita D
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Infant with equinus and varus of the calcaneum and talus, varus of midfoot, and adduction of forefoot
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Clubfoot (talipes equinovarus)
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Rx for clubfoot
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Stretching and manipulation, followed by serial plastar casts
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Rx for RSV
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Aerosolized ribavirin
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Most serious complications of Kawasaki disease
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Giant aneurysm formation, thrombosis, or rupture of the coronary arteries --> MI (so need to perform an echo)
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5 major Jones Criteria
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Polyarthritis
Carditis Chorea SubQ nodules Erythema marginatum |
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3 minor Jones criteria
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Fever
Arthralgia Previous rheumatic fever |
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Rx for rheumatic fever
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Benzathine penicillin G (+ AEDs, salicylates, and codeine for chorea, pericarditis, and arthritis, respectively)
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Embryologic precursor of neuroblastoma
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Neural crest cells
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Embryologic precursor of Wilms' tumor
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Metanephros
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Cause of thrombocytopenia in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
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Impaired production
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Cause of thrombocytopenia in ITP
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Production of Abs against platelets
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Cause of thrombocytopenia in HUS
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Platelet activation and consumption (also seen in DIC and TTP)
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Storage disease: adolescent w/ chronic fatigue (anemia), easy bruisability (thrombocytopenia), bone pain, pathologic fractures (Erlenmyer flask deformity of distal femur) and wrinkled paper cells in bone marrow
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Gaucher's disease (deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase)
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