• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/54

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

54 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
fluorosis
white patches of brown discoloration from high fluoride content of water, swallowed toothpaste, tetracyclines if given from 7 months gestation to 7 years
delayed eruption of primary teeth
hypothyroidism, hypopituitarism, trisomy 21, rickets
acute causes of diarrhea
in infants, children and adolescents MCC are gastroenteritisand systemic infection
chronic causes of diarrhea in infants
postinfectious lactase deficiency
milk/soy intolerance
chronic diarrhea of infancy
celiac disease
cystic fibrosis
chronic causes of diarrhea in children
postinfectious lactase deficiency
irritable bowel syndrome
Celiac disease
lactose intolerance
giardiasis
IBD
chronic causes of diarrhea in adolescents
irritable bowel syndrome
IBD
lactose intolerance
giardiasis
laxatives
bacterial causes of diarrhea
campylobacter
enteroinvasive E. coli
salmonella
shigella
yersinia
E. coli 0157:H7
viral causes of diarrhea
rotavirus
adenovirus
astrovirus
calicivirus
Norwalk agent
parasitic causes of diarrhea
giardia
entamoeba histolytica
acute diarrhea presentation
diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, nausea, fever
management of acute diarrhea
proper hydration
antidiarrheals are never used in children
acute diarrhea diagnosis
stool exam
mucus, blood, leukocytes --> colitis
if blood and leukocytes or suspected HUS --> stool culture
if recent antibiotics --> C. difficile
ova and parasites
immunoassays for viruses
presentation of chronic diarrhea
weight, height and nutritional status is normal
if carbs present in diarrhea --> carb malabsorbtion
if fat present in stools and weight loss --> fat malabsorption
workup for chronic diarrhea
hyistory and physical
stool --> pH, reducing substances, fat, leukocytes, toxin, ova, parasites
blood studies --> CBC, differential, ESR, electrolytes, glucose, BUN, creatinine
sweat test + 72-hour fecal fat
diarrhea management
most need supportive therapy only
if HUS suspected --> no antibiotics
for entamoeba and giardia --> metronidazole
Schwachman-Diamond syndrome
pancreatic insuficiency
neutropenia
malabsorption
intestinal lymphagiectasia
lymph fluid leaks into bowel lumen
steatorrhea
protein-loosing enteropathy
disaccaridase deficiency
osmotic diarrhea
acidic stools
abetalipoproteinemia
severe fat malasbsorption from birth
acanthocytes
very low to absent plasma cholesterol and triglycerides
fat malabsorption screening
most common in pancreatic insuficiency and CF
fat in stools with Sudan stain
confirm with 72-hour fecal fat in stools
if positive --> sweat test
serum trypsinogen is also good screen
carbohydrate malabsorption screening
measure reducing substances in stools
breath hydrogen test after carb load
protein loss malabsorption screening
spot stool alpha-1-antitrypsin levels
serum Fe, folate, Ca, Zn, Mg, B12, D, A
differential diagnosis of malabsorption
giardiasis
HIV or congenital T/B cell deficiencies
small bowel --> gluten enteropathy, abetalipoproteinemia, lymphangiectasia
pancreatic insuficiency
CF
malrotation
short bowel
celiac disease presentation
diarrhea
failure to thrive
growth retardation
vomiting
anorexia
ataxia
all from hypersensitivity to gluten, rye, wheat, barley
celiac disease diagnosis and treatment
antiendomysial and antigliadin antibodies
biopsy to confirm is mandatory
treat with gluten-free diet
VACTERL association
Vertebral anomalies
Anal atresia
Cardiac defects
TracheoEsophageal fistula
Renal anomalies
Limb anomalies
tracheoesopahgeal fistula presentation
cough, cyanosis, respiratory distress, bubbling, regurgitation and aspiration in first feed
tracheoesophageal fistula diagnosis
inability to pass nasogastric tube
x-ray shows tube coiled with air-distended stomach
for isolated TE fistula --> esophagogram with contrast media or endoscopy
GERD presentation
postprandial regurgitation
esophagitis
feeding aversion
obstructive apnea, cough, wheezing
GERD diagnosis
most by history and physical
best test --> lowes esophagus pH
barium esophagogram and upper GI studies
endoscopy if erosive
GERD treatment
conservative
prokinetic agents have no efficacy in children
first line drugs --> H2 antagonists (ranitidine)
second line --> proton pump inhibitors
surgery if refractory
GERD differential diagnosis
milk/food allergy
pyloric stenosis
intestinal obstruction
infection
TEF
pyloric stenosis presentation
nonbilous projectile vomitingbefore 5 months of life
palpation of firm 2cm nonmovable olive-shpaed mass in epigastrium
pyloric stenosis diagnosis and treatment
best test is ultrasound
treat with liquid and electrolyte correction then surgery
duodenal atresia presentation
bilous vomiting without abdominal distention on first day of life (there's distention in ileal or jejunal atresia)
polyhydramnios prenatally
jaundice
duodenal atresia diagnosis and treatment
x-ray --> double bubble with no distal bowel gas
do x-ray of spine and ultrasound for other associated anomalies
treat with nasogastric decompression, IV fluids, surgery
malrotation and volvulus presentation
acute or chronic obstruction with bilous emesis and recurrent abdominal pain in first year of life
malrotation and volvulus diagnosis
ultrasound or contrast x-ray
Meckel diverticulum
acid-secreting mucosa causes intermittent painless rectal bleeding; may have anemia, obstruction or diverticulitis
diagnosis --> Meckel radionucleotide scan
treat with surgery
intussusception presentation
sudden onset of severe paroxysmal colicky abdominal pain
progressive weakness
shock and fever
bile vomit
hematochezia
intussusception diagnosis
x-ray --> increased density; look for perforation
air enema is diagnostic and curative
intussusception treatment
emergent reduction with fluoroscopy
if shock or peritoneal signs --> surgery
causes of GI bleeding
Meckel
intussusception
anal fissure
accidental swalloing of maternal blood
peptic ulcer disease
Crohn disease presentation
persistent fever of unknown origin
arthritis
weight loss, growth retardation
episodes of abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea
anywhere in GI tract
perianal abscess and fistulas
Crohn diagnosis
high ESR
small bowel obstruction on x-ray
string sign and skip lesions on upper GI study
cobblestoning of mucosa
fistulas
gold standard is colonoscopy and biopsy
Crohn treatment
steroids
azathioprine and metronidazole for fistulas
infliximab and anti-TNF drugs
surgery if drug failure
Crohn differential diagnosis
infectious enteropathy
recurrent abdominal pain
arthritis
leukemia
ulcerative colitis presentation
involves only colon
bloody diarrhea with mucus
abdominal pain and tenesmus
anemia, leukocytosis, fever and tachycardia vary according to severity
ulcerative colitis diagnosis
diagnosis of exclusion with symptoms present at least 3-4 weeks
endoscopy with biopsy is best test
ulcerative colitis treatment
symptomatic relief
aminosalicylates and sulfasalazine
steroids
anti-TNF agents (infliximab)
surgery if medical failure
ulcerative colitis complications
higher risk of colon cancer
toxic megacolon with perforation
Crohn Vs. UC
Crohn --> perinanal disease, mouth ulcers, strictures, fissures, fistulas,skip lesions, transmural, granulomas
UC --> bloody diarrhea, toxic megacolon, crypt abscess
Hirchsprung
full-term infant with delay in passage of meconium > 48 hours
diagnosis --> rectal manometry + biopsy
treatment --> surgery
functional constipation Vs. Hirchsprung
functional constipation --> after 2 years, no abdominal distention, stool in ampulla, relaxation of sphincter in manometry
Hirchsprung --> at birth, abdominal distention, no stool in ampulla, no relaxation of internal sphincter in manometry