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109 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Measurable physical change from increased cells is defined as ___________.


This includes height, weight, bone size, head circumference, and dentition.

Growth

Gradual changes that can be difficult to measure, including: Biologic, physiologic, personality, cognition, language.

Development

Define cephalocaudal:

Head to tail growth and development.



Example: The head grows more than the body during prenatal growth.

Define proximodistal:

Inner to outer growth and development.



Example: The brain and spinal cord develop before arms and legs do.

Define sequential trends:

Growth and development that must go in order, you must complete one level before you can move on to the next.



Example: One must sit up before they learn to walk.

Define developmental pace:

A parallel rate of growth and development. What counts is progress and consistency, each child's growth/development rate is different and that's okay.

The mastery of core conflicts in a sequential manner.

Erikson's Psychosocial Development

The first phase: Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson) takes place during ages _________ to ________. It coincides with Freud's _______________.



Defined as?

Birth to one year; Freud's oral stage.



It's the phase where the infant will learn to trust (Example: their parent will come to them when they are crying and need them) or mistrust (Example: Parent won't respond when the young infant needs them.)

The 2nd phase: Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (Erikson) takes place during ages _________ to ________ during Freud's __________ stage.



Defined as?


1 to 3 years; Freud's anal-sphincter control stage.



Dependence creates doubt at their ability to control their own actions and feel shame that they want control-- they want independence

What particular action is big during autonomy vs. doubt?

Imitation of other objects/people, animism, they switch from intense exploration to parallel play.

The 3rd phase: Initiative vs. guilt (Erikson) takes place from _______ to _______ during Freud's __________ stage.



Defined as?

3-6 years old; Freud's phallic stage.



An age of enterprise, imagination, and conscience-- children are trying to make/build new things, trying to find a purpose. The child is trying to plan things (initiative), if a parent disapproves of this plan, the child feels guilt.

Body image vs. self-esteem

Body image: Subjective attitude about own body based of physiologic, psychologic, and social components.



Self-esteem: Subjective judgment of worth, changes with development.

Temperament vs. personality

Temperament: A child's nature. Ex: Shy, slow to warm up.



Personality: Actions made by a child. Ex: Adventurous.

How would your communication differ with an infant? Toddler? Pre-schooler?

Infant: Speak calmly, move slowly.


Toddler: Be more matter of fact with them.


Pre-school: They may ask questions, answer them briefly and truthfully and move on.



All: Treat them and talk to them with an age-appropriate mind-set!

An infants vitals differ from an adult's. Their RR are _________, BP is __________, and pulse is _______ than an adult's.

RR= higher, BP= lower, pulse= higher.

An infant should have about 8 front teeth by what age?

1 year.

Reflex that lasts until about 3 months where baby turns toward the side that you are stroking them on the cheek.

Rooting

Reflex that lasts until about 4 months where the baby acts startled and defends itself as you "drop them"

Moro

When do the palmer and plantar grasps disappear?

Palmer: 4 mos, plantar: 9 mos.

The stepping reflex disappears at about ________.

8 weeks.

What is the asymmetric tonic neck reflex?

"fencing" position, where the baby flexes on one side and points on the other side.

The first 6 months, the baby's weight increases by about _________, the height increases by? Head circumference increases by?

Weight: 5-7 ounces per week, the weight doubles by 6 months and triples by 1 year.



Height: 2.5 cm or about 1 inch per month, by one year-- the height is increased by about 50%.



Head: Grows by 1.5 cm/month the first 6 mos. and .5 cm/month the 2nd 6 mos. Usually done growing by 18 mos.

1 Month Milestone

Lifts head side to side, has head lag, clenched fists, and grasps.

2 Month Milestone

Lifts head off bed, hands in open position.

3 month milestone

Lifts head and shoulders when prone, improved head control, holds hands open in front of face.

4 month milestone

Rolls prone to supine, good head control **NO BOBBLING AT THIS AGE, bats at objects.

5 month milestone

Rolls supine to prone, sits supported, hands to mid-line, grasps rattle, grasps by raking.

6 month milestone

Tripod sit (legs out for balance), releases object in hand to pick up another, holds bottle.

7 month milestone

Sits with hands for support, bears full weight on feet, transfers objects from hand to hand.

8 month milestone

Sits alone, gross pincer (2 finger) grasp.

9 month milestone

Bangs things together, CRAWLS.

10 month milestone

Pulls to stand, begins to cruise (10-11 mos), FINE pincer grasp, puts in and takes out objects into and out of a cup.

11 month milestone

Begins to stand alone, continues cruising. Releases objects to another person.

12 month milestone

Sits from standing position, walks alone, feeds self, points, colors (scribbles).

While initially trust needs to be gained beween parent and child, the child must later learn ____________________.

Delayed gratification (about 6 mos)

Until about 3-4 months, what is the main concern for an infant?

Food

Control is accomplished by __________ initially and later by:

Crying initially, grasping and biting later

How does cognition develop in an infant?

Reflexes turn to purposeful acts

When does an infant learn that it is separate from others and begin to fear new people?

6-8 mos

What is object permanence and when does the baby learn it?

Baby knows that even when an object is hidden, it is still there. It appears at about 8 months.

Infants typically engage in what type of play?

Solitary

Vocalizations slowly become words. At 2 mos, you can expect to hear? 3-4 mos? 6 mos? 8 mos?

2 mos: coos


3-4 mos: gurgles, 4-5 vowel sounds, laughing, responds to name and 'no',


6 mos: sqeauling/yelling


8 mos: imitates sounds

Younger infants communicate by ________, older infants tend to _________.

crying; point

Infants should be able to say 3-5 words with meaning by what age?

1 year

How long should an infant breast feed?

At least 6 mos-- promotes more immunity via maternal antibodies and provides nutrition

What are signs and symptoms of lactose intolerance when an infant is drinking cow milk-based formula?



*What should you do to correct this?

Sign: CRYING


Symptoms: Gas, bloating, diarrhea



*Switch to soy-based formula

What are signs and symptoms of protein intolerance when an infant is using cow OR soy milk-based formula?



*How would you correct this?

Signs: CRYING


Symptoms: V/D with blood, abdominal pain, rash



*Switch to hydrolyzed formula

Define WIC

Women Infants Children: a program that provides healthier foods/formula for young children up until they are 5 years old.

Define colic

Incessant (3 hours a day, 3 days a week, for 3 days) crying in babies who are otherwise healthy and fed well.



*NOT a reason to change formulas

Why/who would you give a Vitamin D supplement?



How much should they have/day?

ALL infants until they are drinking at least 32 oz. of vitamin D fortified formula/day or when they can go in the sun because babies aren't supposed to be in the sun the first 6 months.



400 IU/day starting at birth.

Iron supplementation is needed when?



When is it NOT needed?

At 4-6 mos via iron-fortified cereal or iron drops; those who are ONLY breastfed should start liquid iron at 4-6 mos.




When they are using a formula.


No cow's milk until?

12 mos-- it can cause anemia

You can give an infant a new food every ________.

4-7 days (to make sure there are no allergies to it)

When can a baby be on all table food?

1 year; make sure you cut it SMALL! Some foods should be avoided (hot dogs, grapes, popcorn)

Fluoride supplementation should be used at ___________. Avoid using _________ initially because the fluoride levels will be too high.

6 mos; toothpaste

Child abuse screening should be done how often?

Every check up.

When should you let babies "cry it out" instead of tending to them?

6-8 mos

It is important to keep a consistent ________________ to promote security.



'self-soothers' such as pacifiers and blankets will provide comfort as well but may become a ___________.

Bed time routine.



crutch.



How can a parent avoid SIDS?

NO extra pillows, bumpers, stuffed toys. Put them on their back to sleep

What is the number 1 injury that causes death each year?

Motor vehicle injury

How do you prevent aspiration in babies?

Rule of thumb: if it can fit in a toilet paper roll, it is too small (<1.25")

From 0-2 years, how should you position a car seat?

Rear-facing car seat in the BACK til 2 years or when weight requirements are met

2 years and up, how should you position a car seat?

forward-facing car seat in the BACK until weight requirements are met.

How should school-aged kids ride in the car?

With a booster seat until the seat belt fits correctly, the child id 4'9, and they are over 12 years old--then they have to wear a lap/shoulder belt.

When can a child ride up front?

13 years old and up

At ________, the child can eat 3 meals a day with snacks in between and they can control their stool better.

18 mos

Toddlers differ in the musculoskeletal area because?

Their bellies stick out because their abdominal muscles aren't developed well enough

Toddlers are at a higher risk for?

Colds, immunity isn't up to par yet and they don't have their mother's passive immunity anymore.

Weight gain in a toddler slows to?


Height?


Anterior fontanel is closed at?

Weight gain: 4-6 lbs/year


Height: 3"/year


Anterior fontanel is closed by 18 mos

Toddlers are technically age:

12-36 mos

How do toddlers play?

Side by side but do not share yet; play is parallel

How is a toddler's behavior different from an infant's?

They are tyrannical, strong willed, need comfort, ritualistic, frustrated by limits (too bad, toddlers NEED limits), throw tantrums "terrible twos"

How should you cope with a toddler who is throwing a tantrum?

Ignore them and put them in time out (one min per year of age) in an area specifically designed for punishment. Restart if the toddler comes out early.

What is an issue during autonomy vs shame/doubt?

separation anxiety

How developed are toddlers in the cognitive/moral development area?

They understand good vs bad, egocentric, can symbolize objects/people to imitate them, use old knowledge and new skills to combine knowledge for new situations

Gross motor skills that are acquired during toddler age: 12 mos, 24 mos, 36 mos

12 mos: Walk alone


24 mos: Kicks balls, stands on tip toes, walks one step at a time up or down stairs


36 mos: Runs wells, climbs stairs alternating feet, pedals tricycle

Fine motor skills acquired during the toddler years: 12 mos, 24 mos, 36 mos, 18 mos

12 mos: Feeds self with fingers


18 mos: Throws ball keeps balance, turns hard paged book pages


24 mos: Builds towers with 6-7 blocks, round pegs in holes


36 mos: Draw circles, undressses self.

How does language develop in the toddler years?

They move from pointing to words, increasing comprehension, can say 2-3 word sentences by two years, should know about 50 words by 2 years-- uses words to describe things



-echolalia


-stuttering


*Both normal

What is characteristic of a toddler's typical eating habits?

They are very picky, you should offer them a variety of food in small amounts, eating habits established by 3 years old STICK

How much milk should a toddler have? What kind?

24-32 oz milk/day, skim AFTER 24 months, Whole before that--promotes proper brain development

What is a toddler's sleeping pattern like?

12 hours/day with one or no naps

By what age should a toddler have regular dental exams?

12-18 mos, must brush with fluoride!

When should a child have all 20 of their primary teeth?

30 mos

How do you assess a toddler's readiness for toilet training?

Voluntary sphincter control, able to stay dry for 2 hours, able to take off clothes using fine motor skills, willing to please parents, asking adults about their toilet habits, impatient with wet diapers

Toilet training begins in the ___________ phase and ends in the ___________ phase.

Toddler/ pre-school (3-4 years old--when the child has daytime bowel/bladder control)

______ girls and ________ boys are dry by the age of 5. (Night time wetting takes longer to manage)

MOST girls and 75% boys

Increased risk of bed wetting if?

One or both parents wet the bed

__________ of adults continue to have enuresis.

1% (can take meds or set alarms)

What are the side effects of hospitalization for a toddler?

Separation anxiety, toddler feels a loss of control, temper tantrums, they remember bad experiences in the hospitals-- never give them shots in their 'happy place'

___________ are the #1 cause of death in toddlers, the highest rate is in _________ old toddlers.

Injuries/15-17 mos

What are examples of injuries common in young kids?

Motor vehicle accidents, drowning, burns, poison, aspiration, suffocation, bodily damage, falls.

How does the weight and height in a pre-school aged child (3-5 years old)

Weight: gain about 5 lbs/year


Height: 2 1/2" to 3"/year

Vocab and complexity of language in a pre-school aged child increase dramatically between ages _________.

2-5 years old

Increased ___________ and _____________ occur during the pre-school age.

complexity and vocabulary

Play in pre-schoolers is predominantly ____________.

Associative, kid will initiate pay with others. They are imitating a lot, imaginative, and dramatic-- they want to learn

What are some typical milestones of pre-schoolers?

Walk/run/climb/jump all well established, refined hand/eye coordination, dresses self and ties shoes by 5 years old, wants to please but challenges values, has internalized values and standards of family/culture

With a pre-schooler, one important method of learning is gained by?

Providing acceptable choices.




Example: Would you like to wear the blue shirt or the green shirt today?

Initiative vs guilt takes place during toddlerhood, what is this defined as?

Child takes on tasks that they may not be able to do-initiative- and think they have misbehaved when they fail-guilt-



->Begin to understand cause/effect


-> Still in good vs bad orientation of toddlers

What takes place in addition to initiative and guilt during the pre-school age?

Child begins to understand cause/effect, still understanding good/bad, beginning to learn what's socially acceptable, VERY concrete sense of fairness/justice

In a pre-schooler, mastery of independence promotes __________ and stressful times cause __________________.

positive self-concept; regression of maturity

How does cognitive development differ in a pre-schooler?

Shift from egocentric->socially aware

What is a pre-schoolers concept of time like?

They have an incomplete understanding, they link time to events...not numbers



EX: Dad comes home when dinner is served.

Pre-schoolers use what kind of thinking frequently?

"magical thinking"-- they think if something they wished for happens, it is their fault and feel guilty

Pre-schooler don't understand cause/effect of __________________.

ilness-- may see it as punishment from God

Pre-schoolers have increasing comprehension of ______________ and poorly defined _____________.

Desirable/undesirable appearances, racial ID, differences in appearance, biases




Poorly defined body boundaries: Great fear of this age is bodily harm (If I cut myself, I will bleed to death!)

Pre-schoolers have a strong attachment with ____________ while they try to identify with _______________.

Opposite sex parent, same sex parent

______________ becomes a concern with pre-schoolers.

Modesty (start calling body parts by other names, etc. trying to be more polite in public)

Health promotion of a child includes _____________ with _____________.

Periodic screenings with immunization

Pre-school aged kids should take which following safety precautions?

Wearing a helmet and protective gear, guns locked up and away from child---EDUCATE PARENTS