Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
WAGR
|
Wilms tumor
Aniridia GU malformations Retardation |
|
|
abnormalities of pupils and iris
|
aniridia
myopia hyperopia coloboma of iris --> keyhole appearance of iris; cleft lid leukocoria --> retinoblastoma, cataract, retinopathy and detachment |
|
|
cataracts etiology
|
prematurity
AD inheritance TORCH (especially rubella but also measles, polio, influenza, varicella_ galactosemia chromosomal |
|
|
ectopia lentis
|
instability or displacement of lens
differential --> trauma, uveitis, congenital galucoma, cataract, aniridia, tumor systemic causes --> Marfan, homocystinuria, Ehlers-Danlos |
|
|
strabismus
|
diagnosis --> Hircschberg corneal light reflex
physiologic up to 4 months of age |
|
|
opthalmia neonatorum presentation
|
redness, chemosis, edema of eyelids, purulent discharge
|
|
|
opthalmia neonatorum causes
|
chemical --> first 24 hours from silver nitrate or erythromycin
gonorrhea --> 1st week; complications are corneal ulceration, perforation chlamydia --> 1st 2 weeks; MCC; cornea rarely affected |
|
|
opthalmia noenatorum diagnosis
|
gram stain and culture
tarsal scraping for Giemsa stain PCR for chlamydia |
|
|
opthalmia neonatorum treatment
|
gonorrhea --> IM ceftriaxone + saline irrigation
chlamydia --> erythromycin PO X 2 weeks + irrigation |
|
|
congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction
|
excessive tears, mucoid material, erythema
treatment --> nasolacrimal massage; resolves in 1 year |
|
|
red eye differential diagnosis
|
bacterial (with mucopurulent discharge) pneumococcus, H. influenza, staph, strep
viral --> watery bilateral discharge with URI; adenovirus, enterovirus allergic chemical keratitis foreign bodies anterior uveitis periorbital Vs. orbital celulitis dacrocystitis Vs. dacroadenitis |
|
|
retinopathy of prematurity
|
prematurity, hyperoxia, vasoproliferative scarring, retinal detachment
treatment --> cryosurgery or laser photocoagulation |
|
|
retinoblastoma
|
leukocoria, strabismus
diagnosis --> confirm with CT; no biopsy treatment --> consider enucleation; also radiation, chemo, laser, cryo |
|
|
corneal abrasions
|
pain, tearing, photophobia, decreased vision
diagnosis --> anesthesia + fluorescein and Wood's lamp treatment --> pain relief and topical antibiotics |
|
|
periorbital celulitis
|
lids and periorbital tissue inflammation due to trauma, infected wound, absecess, URI, bacteremia, sinusitis
presents with erythema, edema, intact ocular movements treatment --> oral or IV antibiotics |
|
|
orbital celulitis
|
erythema, edema + opthalmoplegia due to trauma, infected wound, absecess, URI, bacteremia, sinusitis
diagnosis --> CT scan of head treatment --> IV antibiotics +- drainage |
|
|
otitis externa
|
normal flora --> pseudomonas, staph
presents with pain, conductive hearinng loss, edema, erythema, thick otorrhea treatment --> topical otic preparations (cipro, neomycin) if malignant --> invasion of bones, facial paralysis, vertigo; immediate culture, IV antibiotics + CT +- surgery |
|
|
otitis media
|
etiology --> pneumococus, nontypable H influenza, moraxella
presentation --> ear pain, fever, otorrhea, changes in tympanic membrane treatment --> first line amoxicillin; alternative azythromycin; 2nd line amoxi/clavulanic, cefuroxime, IM ceftriaxone; else tympanoscentesis |
|
|
otitis media with effusion
|
fullness is absent or TM is retracted with little erythema
antibiotics not recommended treatment --> tympanostomy |
|
|
acute mastoiditis
|
complicationof otitis media with effusion
displacement of pinna and pain on percussion of mastoid process CT scan myringotomy + IV antibiotics |
|
|
acquired cholesteatoma
|
complication of otitis media with effusion or chronic otitis media
bonr resorption intracrannially is life threatening CT scan of temporal bone tympanomastoid surgery |
|
|
sign: purulent otorrhea
|
otitis externa
otitis media with perforation drainage from tympanostomy |
|
|
sign: bulging tympanic membrane
|
otitis media
|
|
|
sign: tympanic membrane retraction
|
otitis media with effusion
|
|
|
sign: bubbles or air-fluid level behind tympanic membrane
|
otitis media with effusion
|
|
|
choanal atresia presentation
|
unilateral or bilateral bony or membranous septum between nose and pharynx
associated with CHARGE (50%) unilateral --> asymtomatic until first URI then persistent nasal discharge with obstruction bilateral --> cyanosis while trying to breathe through nose then pink with crying |
|
|
choanal atresia diagnosis and treatment
|
inability to pass catheter 3-4cm into nasopharynx
fiberoptic rhinoscopy CT scan treat --> airway (possible intubation) + transnasal stents |
|
|
CHARGE association
|
Coloboma
Heart defects Atresia choana Retarded growth and development Genital anomalies Ear anomalies |
|
|
nasal foreign body
|
unilateral purulent, malodorous bloody discharge
diagnosis with speculum, otoscope or lateral x-ray |
|
|
epistaxis differential diagnosis
|
digital trauma
dry air allergy inflammation nasal steroid sprays clotting disorders |
|
|
epistaxis treatment
|
1) compression; else -->
2) local oxymetazolone or phenylephrine; else --> 3) anterior or posterior nasal packing; else --> 4) cautery |
|
|
polyps
|
benign pedunculated tumors from chronically inflamed mucosa
MCC is cystic fibrosis; suspect in any child <12 with polyp even in absence of other symptoms presents with obstruction, hyponasal speech, mucopurulent rinorrhea treatment --> intranasal steroids +- surgical removal |
|
|
viral Vs. bacterial pharyngitis
|
age --> <5, >10 viral; 5-10 bacterial
onset --> viral is gradual, bacterial is acute URI --> viral has it; bacterial doesn't rash and exudate --> bacterial is common; viral uncommon ulcers --> common in viral culture --> positive in bacterial conjunctivitis --> in viral petechiae --> bacterial |
|
|
GAS pharyngitis presentation
|
rapid onset severe sore throat and fever
red pharynx tonsilar enlargement with exudate palatal petechia strawberry tongue red swollen uvula large and tender anterior cervical nodes |
|
|
scarlet fever presentation
|
GAS pharyngitis + sandpaper rash
|
|
|
viral pharyngitis presentation
|
adenovirus --> pharyngoconjunctival fever
coxsackie --> herpangina (vesicles and ulcers on posterior pharynx), hand-foot-mouth disease (vesicles) |
|
|
GAS pharingytis diagnosis and treatment
|
initial test --> rapid strep test; if negative --> culture if high suspicion
treatment --> prevents rheumatic fever if within 9 days; penicillin or if allergic erythromycin |
|
|
GAS pharyngitis complications
|
retropharyngeal absecess (bulging of posterior or lateral pharyngeal wall with neck stiffness and pain); surgical drainage
peritonsilar absecess (asymetric tonsilar bulge with displacement of uvula); needle aspiration, drainage, tonsillectomy |
|
|
causes of cervical lymphadenitis
|
infections --> viral/bacterial pharyngitis, cat scratch disease, TB, mumps, thyroglossal duct cyst, brachial cleft cyst
cystic hygroma tumors |
|
|
indications of tonsillectomy
|
increasing frequency of infections
5/year for 2 years 3/year for 3 years unilateral enlarged tonsil |
|
|
indications for adenoidectomy
|
chronic nasal/sinus infection
recurrent/chronic otitis media nasal obstruction with chronic mouth-breathing and loud snoring |
|
|
obstructive sleep apnea presentation
|
mouth breathing and snoring
restlessness frequent awakenings daytome somnolence poor school performance |
|
|
obstructive sleep apnea diagnosis
|
lateral soft-tissue x-ray
polysomnography polycythemia, compensated chronic respiratory acidosis |
|
|
obstructive sleep apnea treatment
|
depends on etiology
weight loss for obesity adenotonsillectomy if upper airway obstruction continuous positive airway obstruction surgery |
