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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Genitourinary system is made up of?
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urinary and reproductive organs
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Urinary system composed of
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kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
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What is important function of urinary system?
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excrete wastes, maintain acid-base balance, and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
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What is functional unit of the kidney?
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nephron
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What vitamin is the kidney essential for activating and why?
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vitamin D, needed for absorption of calcium and phosphorus
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The kidney secretes erythropoietin. What does this do?
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stiumlates the bone marrow to produce RBCs
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How many nephrons do we have at birth?
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all of them
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When does the most renal growht occur?
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during the first five years, primarily due to the enlargement of the nephrons
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Why does the urinary output/kg decrease as a child gets older?
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the kidney becomes more efficient at concentrating urine
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How can you estimate the size of a child's bladder?
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add a 2 to the child's age to come up with the approximate number of ounces.
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What can cause a UTI?
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bacteria, fungus, or virus,
can be acute or chronic |
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What is cystitis?
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lower UTI that involves the urethra or bladder
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What is pylonephritis
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upper UTI that involves the ureters, renal pelvis, and renal parenchyme
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Symptoms of UTI
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NB - nonspecific, any infant, less than 2, with fever should be checked for UTI; 40% UTIs are assymptomatic
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How long do you have to get a urine culture to the lab or refrigerated?
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one hour
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How should urine be collected to confirm a UTI
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clean catch or cath
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When do you start antibiotics?
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as soon as urine sample has been collected
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What should parents avoid giving children to drink that may irritate bladder mucosa
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caffeine and carbonated beverages
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What are hypospadias and epispadias?
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congenital anomalies involving abnormal location of the urethral meatus in males
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nephrotic syndrome is characterized by ...
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edema
massive proteinuria hypoalbuminemia hypoproteinemia hyperlipidemia altered immunity |
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approximately 90% of children with nephrotic syndrome have this type
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MCNS
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what characterizes end stage renal failure
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minimal renal function < 10%
uremic syndrome anemia abnormal blood values |
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What happens in ESRF?
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kidneys can no longer maintain homeostasis and child requires dialysis
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What is uremic frost?
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urea crystals deposited on the skin
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What is the most efficient method of dialysis?
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hemodialysis
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What is disequilibrium syndrome
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rapid changes in the body's water and electrolyte balance during dialysis treatment
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What is the only alternative to long-term dialysis for children with ESRD?
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kidney transplant
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What is the primary reason of transplanted kidney loss?
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nonadherence to therapy
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What are signs of rejection following a kidney transplant?
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fever, increased BUN and serum ceatinine levels, pain and tenderness over the abdomen, irritability, weight gain
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What is the most common cause of acute renal failure?
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hemolytic-uremic syndrome
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What is the triad of syndromes in HUS?
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hemolyic anemia
thrombocytopenia ARF |
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development of HUS is often linked to ?
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bacterial and viral organisms such as E coli and streptococcus pneumoniae
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What are signs and symptoms of HUS?
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hypertension
pallor burising oliguria |
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What is glomerulonephritis?
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an inflammation of the glomeruli most often caused by a strain of group A beta-hemolytic strep
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What is phimosis?
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foreskin over glans penis cannot be retracted
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What is balanitis?
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infection or inflammation of glans that may occur as a result of an obsturcted urine flow
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When is circumcision contraindicated?
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in neonated with blood dyscrasias, hypospadias, epispadias, chordee, or preemies,
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What is it called when one or both testicles fail to descent through the inguinal canal into the scrotum?
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cryptorchidism
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Of the 15 million new STI cases each year approximately how many occur in adolescents?
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25%
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What factors contribute to risk of acquiring STIs in the child and adolescent?
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avoidance of protective barriers
multiple partners frequent sexual activity failure to seek medical care until symptoms are well advanced |
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What are some frequently diagnosed STIs in adolescents?
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chlamydia
gential herpes gonorrhea genital warts trichomoniasis syphilis |
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majority of cases of PID are caused by what organisms
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chlamydia and gonorrhea
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signs and symptoms of PID
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fever, dull bilateral lower abdominal pain, dysmenorrhea pain, dysuria, vaginal discharge, pain with intercourse, prolonged or increased mentrual bleeding, nausea, and vomiting
tenderness with cervical motion |
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significant complication of PID
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Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome when anterior surface of liver becomes infected
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