Peace Comm Final Quiz

Front 1

What are the 11 steps to designing a PC intervention?

Back 1

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the conflict
Step 2 – Recognize the root cause of the conflict
Step 3 – Understand the specific facet of the conflict you want to stop/reverse/prevent/aid
Step 4 - Understand the root cause of the specified facet of the conflict
Step 5 – Develop a solution to address the root causes of theis facet of the conflict
Step 6 – Assess the existing communication infrastructure and available options
Step 7 – Assess your audience: their background and capabilities
Step 8 – Find a way to implement the solution using a peace communication program
Step 9 - Construct an appropriate message or model to communicate to your audience that encapsulates the solution
Step 10 – Design a theoretically sound curriculum using testable (behavioral change) criterion
Step 11 – Evaluate the peace communication program in order to assess whether, when and where you were ethically successful

Front 2

What are attitudes?

Back 2

Are referenced in contact effects. The socio-psychological effect upon a person’s beliefs or attitudes achieved through contact with members of other groups.
Feelings about something or someone (e.g. dislike of a particular group)

Front 3

What are beliefs?

Back 3

Are referenced in contact effects.
What you think, know or believe about something or someone, (e.g. positive or negative stereotypes about a particular group)

Front 4

What is behavior?

Back 4

Actions (e.g. discrimination against a particular group)

Front 5

What is the constructivist approach to identity?

Back 5

An ethnopolitical group is modern, constructed by its community members out of the belief that it has existed since time immemorial. If a nationalist ethnopolitical group, it may derive its belief in its legitimate right to exercise rule over itself from this belief that it has a (primordial) ancient existence. This belief, or perception in its innate right to freely govern itself, along with its desire to do so is what propels it to struggle and as part and parcel of this process, to form a nation.

Further, according to this approach, all social structures, including individuals and collective actors and their practices are socially constructed or imagined by their members. “Group” identity is not a natural given – it is a dependent variable. Group identity is malleable across time and space, its content is rooted in changing mythology and narrative, not blood lineage. It develops in relation to outside fields or forces (e.g. other so-called groups) and is contingent upon shared group experiences and events. While constructed in modern times, it nevertheless acquires an enduring quality to it that can provide the basis for mobilization and action aimed at readdressing shared grievances that are the common result of collective discrimination. Group members imagine themselves to be a community of equals, limited and – if the group in question is a nation
– than also as sovereign (or at least dream of becoming sovereign). Group members invoke these categories in an effort to define their own identity and do so in opposition to other groups who also come to imagine themselves as different.

Front 6

What is the contact hypothesis? What are the 4 conditions necessary to its success?

Back 6

Reduction of prejudice through organized contact if it occurs under the following conditions:
1)Equal group status within the situation
• May refer to SES status equality – e.g. Jackman and Crane’s findings – OR – to participating in the moment/contact situation on an equal status
2) Common goals
• Ex. soccer teams – who have the same goal: to win and need each other to achieve victory
3) Inter group cooperation
• Need to attain common goals and do so without having internal competition between groups
4) Support of authorities, law or custom
• If there’s explicit social acceptance for positive outcomes from contact – success is more likely
5) Foster friendships (Pettigrew Rev. to original Allport hypothesis)

Front 7

What are contact effects?

Back 7

The socio-psychological effect upon a person’s beliefs or attitudes achieved through contact with members of other groups. The contact may be organized (as in the case of an intervention based upon the contact hypothesis) or simply based on contact without attention paid to actual research about the hypothesis.

Front 8

What is the democratic peace theory?

Back 8

• Democratic Peace Theory (Rummel, Maoz and Russet).
• Democratic institutions do not got to war with one another, and conflict within a state is reduced.
• No Tug of War in either democracy or anocracies.
• First time in history democratic regimes predominate.

Front 9

What is an empire?

Back 9

• Hierarchical, exercising consolidated rule (i.e. is centralized in authority)
• Universalistic – (This is the difference) its rule is not limited to a fixed space but rather, is
“analogous to heaven”. The idea that only one empire should exist, emperor is like god, rules over entire system.

Front 10

What is an ethno political conflict?

Back 10

Political conflicts in which groups organize themselves along terms of ethnic identity in order to make claims against the state. These conflicts are ethnic because ethnic identity becomes polarized and utilized as the basis for “mobilization and political action.” They are political because the state is involved, “either as a party to conflict or as the object of the people’s demands and perceptions.”

Front 11

What is ethnic identity?

Back 11

Comprised of people who share distinctive and enduring collective identity based on a belief in common descent, shared experiences and cultural traits.

Front 12

What is Ethno political identity?

Back 12

Groups whose ethnicity has political consequences, resulting either in differential treatment of group members or political action on behalf of group interests.
*Most are internal. Most societal/internal conflicts ethno political
Ex. African Americans going to vote, if they are turned away because they are African American then it becomes ethno political.
Ex. Gender can be politicized, but it isn’t ethno political.
Race, Ethnicity or Religion are ethno political.

Front 13

What is an External National Homeland?

Back 13

A state in which a group that forms a siaspora for a national minority in another state, makes up either a numerical majority of the state, or is dominant in political authority.

In such cases, cultural, or political elites of the given state decide that residents and citizens of other states are their co-nationals. They perceive these people to be part of a single transborder nation for whom they are responsible (despite that they are not citizens of their state)

Front 14

Genocides and Politicides - What are the larger according to death tolls?

Back 14

• Map and graph of genocides and politicides since 1955, pp. 57-58 of Harff in Gurr & Marshall, 2005
1. What are the larger genocides or politicides according to death tolls?
• Cambodia 1.9 -3.5 million
• Pakistan 1million 5 thousand – 3 million 10 thousand
• Sudan
• Lowest – Burma (Myanmar)
• “the promotion, execution, and/or implied consent of sustained policies by governing elites or their agents – or, in the case of civil war, either of the contending authorities – that are intended to destroy, in whole or part, a communal, political or politicized group.” In genocide the perpetrators define the group in terms of their communal characteristics, whereas in politicides, they define them primarily in terms of their political opposition to the regime and dominant groups (Harff).
• Key factors that make genocide genocide are intention, group must be politicized, must be against group, must be systematic.

Front 15

What is the Instrumentalist approaches to identity?

Back 15

Ethnicity” (i.e. ethnicity, race and religion or some combination thereof) is one of many
alternative bases for group identity. It becomes socially significant – or politicized when ethnic symbols are involved and manipulated by political elites (e.g. leaders) in response to threats or opportunities they perceive with regards to retaining/obtaining economic or political gain. Elites invoke these now “ethnopolitical” identities in order to manipulate peoples into forming strategic alliances or groups in conflict that replicate or seemingly replicate existing ethnic lines.

Front 16

What are mediated contact effects?

Back 16

Provides people with mediated contact. Youth in Masedonia to model pro social relationships between each other. Example: Sesame Street in Israel.

Front 17

What are message effects?

Back 17

Programs use contents of mass media, to try to change beliefs and opinions. Example of a message effect is a radio program. Studio Ijambo, a program that brings Hutsis and Tutsis together through reporting together. Targeting the listeners through messages.

Front 18

What is a nation?

Back 18

1. A community- focus on associative level of communalities, even with people they never met.
2. Imagined- “Nationalism…invents nations where they do not exist” (Gellner). They don’t seek for everyone to be a member of their club.
3. Limited- It is an “exclusive club” benefit to be part of your single nation.
4. Sovereign- There will also be democracy to rule over its own decisions. Also deals with self-determination. In order to achieve a sovereign unites it needs borders that will be respected by others.

(All deals with what people want, not based on political structures, just groups).

Front 19

What is structural violence?

Back 19

The institutionalization of inequality of opportunity and its implementation against a particular group. The inequality is characterized by discrimination, injustice and exclusion. It damages the physical, social and psychological well-being of the garget group. (Galtung).

Front 20

What is peace building?

Back 20

Changing attitudes from ground up. Focus on a specific group of people.
“Peace building is the act of building tolerance and trust among agents in a conflict.” (Kelman)

Front 21

What is peace communication?

Back 21

A communication intervention that tries to mediate between people in conflict.
Typically it is a “people to people” project since it tries to build peace between local people, though it can also target elites, as in the case of Track II diplomacy. In trying to target people at a grassroots level it tries to do so in a manner that alters people’s behavior to induce them to build peace or support the making of peace. –Warshel

Front 22

What is Peace Education?

Back 22

• In UNICEF refers to the process of promoting the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values needed to bring about heavier changes that will enable children, youth and adults to prevent conflict and violence both overt and structural; to resolve conflict peacefully and to create the conditions conducive to peace, whether an intrapersonal, interpersonal, inter group, national or international level. – Fountain
• Promote understanding, respect and tolerance towards one’s enemies
• Cultivate skills – to acquire a nonviolent disposition and conflict resolution skills.
• Examples:
o School based violence prevention programs, peer mediation and conflict resolution programs
• Promote human rights, environmentalism, disarmament and promotion of culture of peace.

Front 23

What is peace journalism?

Back 23

Emphasis on terminology used that attempts to guide people towards thinking about peace making as opposed to just thinking about divisive issues.
Balance Coverage. Involves newsprints arguing that if you cover events it will have an effect. Need to provide positive examples to create change. Breaks down prejudices and can change political beliefs. Example: Journalists for Columbia that created a database.

Front 24

What is peace making?

Back 24

Contrasted to peace building, is about signing peace accords and declaring peace among influential leaders. It is not about building a lasting and sustainable peace across members of a population (Kellman)

Front 25

What "People to people" programs?

Back 25

“People to people projects are projects that seek to build peace.” Channeling Conflict.
People to people projects that use communication are adapted to the culture of the identity groups being targeted, their age, and the technological level and communication infrastructure available to these groups.
Warshel discusses “people to people” programs when discussing peace communication – these projects attempt to build peace between local people – grassroots level.

Front 26

What is the primordialist approach to identity?

Back 26

An ethnopolitical group is reified* (a natural biological given). It is “ethnic” in content because ethnicity, race and religion transcend all other collectivities in importance. It is ancient and the most enduring of all collectives - ‘bound in blood.’ It is static over time and space and the dependent variable that propels nationalist strife.

Front 27

What does reified mean?

Back 27

The treatment of a social entity as though it were a natural object or given.

Front 28

What is a state?

Back 28

• “A human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.” Max Weber
1. Sovereign: Hierarchical, exercising consolidate rule (i.e. centralized in authority)
2. Territorial: Tied to a specific bounded space that it exclusively controls
3. Possess a monopoly of control over force.

Gurr: A state is the spatial equivalent of a nation.

Front 29

What is a state bearing nation?

Back 29

A nation that has a state.

Front 30

What is a stateless nation?

Back 30

A nation that wants a state.

Front 31

What is Track II Diplomacy?

Back 31

When elites are targeted in an effort to build peace. : Informal or back tracking conversation between elites about negotiations.