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170 Cards in this Set

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Affect

feeling or emotion, especially as manifested by facial expression or body language.
Broca’s aphasia
aphasia in which expression by speech or writing is severely impaired

Delirium

A temporary state of mental confusion and fluctuating consciousness resulting from high fever, intoxication, shock, or other causes. It is characterized by anxiety, disorientation, hallucinations, delusions, and incoherent speech.

Delusion
a mistaken or misleading opinion, idea, belief, etc.
Dementia

Deterioration of intellectual faculties, such as memory, concentration, and judgment, resulting from an organic disease or a disorder of the brain. It is sometimes accompanied by emotional disturbance and personality changes.

Echolalia

The immediate and involuntary repetition of words or phrases just spoken by others, often a symptom of autism or some types of schizophrenia.

Flight of ideas

a nearly continuous flow of rapid speech that jumps from topic to topic, usually based on discernible associations, distractions, or plays on words, but sometimes disorganized and incoherent.

Hallucination

a sense perception (sight, touch, sound, smell, or taste) that has no basis in external stimulation

Lethargy
a lowered level of consciousness, with drowsiness, listlessness, and apathy.
Neologism

a new word whose meaning may be known only to the patient using it.

Perseveration

Uncontrollable repetition of a particular response, such as a word, phrase, or gesture, despite the absence or cessation of a stimulus, usually caused by brain injury or other organic disorder.

Obtundation

mental blunting with mild to moderate reduction in alertness and a diminished sensation of pain.

Orientation
awareness of one's environment with reference to time, place, and people.
Wernicke’s aphasia

A condition characterized by either partial or total loss of the ability to understand what is being said or read. The individual maintains the ability to speak, but speech may contain unnecessary or made-up words.

Analgesia

insensibility of pain without loss of consciousness

Ataxia

an inability to coordinate voluntary muscular movements that is symptomatic of some nervous disorders

Atrophy

decrease in size or wasting away of body tissue (ex. Muscle tissue)

Bradykinesia
extreme slowness of movements and reflexes

Chorea

any of various nervous disorders of infectious or organic origin marked by spasmodic movements of the limbs and facial muscles and by incoordination

Clonus

a series of alternating contractions and partial relaxations of a muscle that in some nervous diseases occurs in the form of convulsive spasms involving complex groups of muscles and is believed to result from alteration of the normal pattern of motor neuron discharge

cogwheel rigidity

Rigidity in which the muscles respond with cogwheel-like jerks to the use of force in bending the limb, as occurs in Parkinson's disease

dystonia
a state of disordered tonicity of tissue (ex. Muscle)
fasciculation

muscular twitching involving the simultaneous contraction of contiguous groups of muscle fibers

flaccid
not firm or stiff
hemiparesis
muscular weakness or partial paralysis restricted to one side of the body
hemiplegia
total or partial paralysis of one side of the body that results from disease of or injury to the motor centers of the brain
paralysis

complete or partial loss of function especially when involving the power of motion or of sensation in any part of the body

paresthesias

a sensation of pricking, tingling, or creeping on the skin having no objective cause and usually associated with injury or irritation of a sensory nerve or nerve root

postictal

occurring after a sudden attack (as in epilepsy)

quadriplegia

paralysis of all four limbs

seizure

a sudden attack (as of disease); especially : the physical manifestations (as convulsions, sensory

spasticity

a spastic state or condition; especially : muscular hypertonicity with increased tendon reflexes

syncope

loss of consciousness due to insufficient blood flow to the brain

tremor

a trembling or shaking usually from physical weakness, emotional stress, or disease

pleocytosis
an abnormal increase in the number of cells (as lymphocytes) in the cerebrospinal fluid
xanthochromia
yellowish coloring of CSF
psychosomatic

of, relating to, concerned with, or involving both mind and body

somatiform
any of a group of psychological disorders (as body dysmorphic disorder or hypochondriasis) marked by physical complaints for which no organic or physiological explanation is found and for which there is a strong likelihood that psychological factors are involved
A&O
alert and oriented
A&O x 3
alert and oriented to person, place, time
CN
cranial nerve
CNS
central nervous system
DTR
deep tendon reflex
LE
lower extremity
LLE
left lower extremity
LOC
loss of consciousness
LUE

left upper extremity

MMSE
mini mental status exam
RLE
right lower extremity
RUE
right upper extremity
SLR
straight leg rais
UE

upper extremity

Abduct-
(of a muscle) move (a limb or part) away from the midline of the body or from another part.
Adduct-
(of a muscle) move (a limb or other part of the body) toward the midline of the body or toward another part.
anterior drawer sign-
“The patient’s knee is flexed to 90 degrees, and the hip is flexed to 45 degrees. In this position, the anterior cruciate ligament is almost parallel with the tibial plateau. The patient’s foot is held on the table by the examiner’s body with the examiner sitting on the patient’s forefoot and the foot in neutral rotation. The examiner’s hands are placed around the tibia to ensure that the hamstring muscles are relaxed. The tibia is then drawn forward on the femur. The normal amount of movement that should be present is approximately 6mm. If the test is positive (i.e., the tibia moves forward more than 6 mm on the femur), the following structure may have been injured to some degree: ACL, Posterolateral capsule, Posteromedial capsule, Medial collateral ligament (deep fibers), Iliotibial band, Posterior oblique ligament, Arcuate-popliteus complex
Arthritis-
painful inflammation and stiffness of the joints.
Bouchard’s nodes-
hard, bony outgrowths or gelatinous cysts on the proximal interphalangeal joints (the middle joints of fingers or toes.) They are a sign of either osteoarthritis or Rheumatoid arthritis.
Bulge sign
-Milk upwards, the medial aspect of the knee two to three times to displace fluid there. Press or tap the knee just behind the lateral margin of the patella. Watch for a bulge of returning fluid in the hollow medial to the patella. A bulge indicates fluid within the knee joint.
Bursitis-
inflammation of a bursa, typically one in the knee, elbow or shoulder
Cartilage-
firm, whitish, flexible connective tissue found in various forms in the larynx and respiratory tract, in structures such as the external ear, and in the articulating surfaces of joints. It is more widespread in the infant skeleton, being replaced by bone during growth.
cartilaginous joints-
Cartilaginous joints are connected entirely by cartilage (fibrocartilage or hyaline).Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint.
condylar joints-
an ovoid articular surface, or condyle that is received into an elliptical cavity. This permits movement in two planes, allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction.
Dupuytren’s contracture-
a disease of the palmar fascia (thin but tough layer of fibrous tissue between the skin of the palm and the underlying flexor tendons of the fingers) resulting in progressive thickening and contracture of fibrous bands on the palmar surface of the hand and fingers.
fibrous joints-
These joints have no joint cavity and are connected via fibrous connective tissue. The skull bones are connected by fibrous joints. Sutures are found between bones of the skull.
Ganglion
-an abnormal benign swelling on a tendon sheath
hallux valgus-
A condition in which the big toe (hallux) is bent outward (toward the midline of the foot; valgus) so that it overlaps the second toe. Hallux valgus may be accompanied by a bunion (localized painful swelling) and is frequently associated with inflammation.
hammer toe-
a toe that is bent permanently downward, typically as a result of pressure from footwear
Heberden’s nodes-
hard or bony swellings that can develop in the distal interphalangeal joints (DIP) (the joints closest to the end of the fingers and toes).
hinge joints-
a common class of synovial joint that includes the ankle, elbow, and knee joints. Hinge joints are formed between two or more bones where the bones can only move along one axis to flex or extend.
Lachman test-
a maneuver to detect deficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament; with the knee flexed 20–30°, the tibia is displaced anteriorly relative to the femur; a soft endpoint or greater than 4 mm of displacement is positive (abnormal).
ligament-
a short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint.
lordosis
-excessive inward curvature of the spine. A posture assumed by some female mammals during mating, in which the back is arched downward.
McMurray test-
used to evaluate individuals for tears in the meniscus of the knee. To perform the test, the knee is held by one hand, which is placed along the joint line, and flexed to complete flexion while the foot is held by the sole with the other hand. The examiner then places one hand on the lateral side of the knee to stabilize the joint and provide a valgus stress in order to identify a valgus deformity. The other hand rotates the leg externally while extending the knee. If pain or a "click" is felt, this constitutes a "positive McMurray test" for a tear in the medial meniscus
Meniscus-
a thin fibrous cartilage between the surfaces of some joints, e.g., the knee.
Metatarsalgia-
a condition that causes pain and inflammation to the ball of your foot. You may also feel pain in the big toe or the three toes closest to the big toe.
posterior drawer sign-
Measurement of integrity of the posterior cruciate ligament at the knee. With the patient lying flat and relaxed, the examiner bends the knee to a right angle (90 degrees). The examiner then places his fingers on the knee joint, and attempts to shift the tibia backwards
rotator cuff-
a capsule with fused tendons that supports the arm at the shoulder joint and is often subject to athletic injury. SITS-supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, Subscapularis.
Scoliosis-
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
spheroidal joints-
The ball and socket joint (or spheroidal joint) is a joint in which the ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone. The distal bone is capable of motion around an indefinite number of axes, which have one common center.
synovial fluid
-a viscous, non-Newtonian fluid found in the cavities ofsynovial joints. With its yolk-like consistency ("synovial" partially derives from ovum, Latin for egg), the principal role of synovial fluid is to reduce friction between the articular cartilage of synovial joints during movement.
synovial joints-
also known as diarthrosis, is the most common and most movable type of joint in the body of a mammal. As with most otherjoints, synovial joints achieve movement at the point of contact of the articulating bones.
Tendonitis
-inflammation of a tendon, most commonly from overuse but also from infection or rheumatic disease
Tenosynovitis
-inflammation and swelling of a tendon, typically in the wrist, often caused by repetitive movements such as typing
trigger finger
-a defect in a tendon causing a finger to jerk or snap straight when the hand is extended.
Valgus
-a deformity involving oblique displacement of part of a limb away from the midline.
valgus stress test-
The Valgus stress test is a test for ligament damage. It involves placing the leg into extension, with one hand placed as a pivot on the knee. With the other hand placed upon the foot applying an abducting force, an attempt is then made to force the leg at the knee into valgus
varus
-a deformity involving oblique displacement of part of a limb toward the midline.
varus stress test-
The therapist applies a varus stress at the knee while the ankle is stabilized. The test is first done with the knee in full extension and then with the knee in 20-30 degrees of flexion
ACL
-anterior cruciate ligament
DIP
-distal interphalangeal joint
DJD-
degenerative joint disease
LCL
-lateral collateral ligament
MCL
-medial collateral ligament
MCP
-metacarpophalangeal joint
MTP
-metatarsophalangeal joint
OA
-osteoarthritis
PCL
-posterior cruciate ligament
PIP
-proximal interphalangeal joint
WBAT

-weight bearing as tolerated

annular-
of, relating to, or forming a ring
apocrine glands-
develop in areas abundant in hair follicles, such as your armpits and groin, and they empty milky fluid into the hair follicle just before it opens onto the skin surface usually in times of stress and puberty
Beau’s lines-
deep grooved lines that run from side to side on the fingernail or the toenail.
cherry angioma-
are benign cherry red papules on the skin that can grow on all areas most likely on trunk and increase with age
comedone-
skin-coloured, small bumps (papules) frequently found on the forehead and chin of those with acne. A single lesion is a comedo. Open comedones are blackheads; black because of surface pigment (melanin), rather than dirt Closed comedones are whiteheads; the follicle is completely blocked
confluent-
flowing together or merging
cyanosis
- A bluish color of the skin and the mucous membranes due to insufficient oxygen in the blood
ecchymosis-
Nonraised skin discoloration caused by the escape of blood into the tissues from ruptured blood vessels.
eccrine glands-
major sweat glands of the human body duct open directly to skin surface
hirsutism-
excessive hairiness on women in those parts of the body where terminal hair does not normally occur or is minimal - for example, a beard or chest hair.
hyperkeratosis-
thickening of the outer layer of the skin.
intertriginous-
an area where two skin areas may touch or rub together
jaundice-
a yellowish pigmentation of the skin, tissues, and certain body fluids caused by the deposition of bile pigments
keratosis-
growth of keratin on the skin or on mucous membranes. (ex actinic, seborrheic,)
lentigines-
liver spots, are benign lesions that occur on the sun-exposed areas of the body
lunula-
crescent-shaped whitish area of the bed of a fingernail or toenail
melanin-
pigment that gives human skin, hair, and eyes their color
nevus-
A pigmented spot on the skin, such as a mole
nits-
Lice eggs These look like tiny yellow, tan, or brown dots
paronychia-
infection that develops along the edge of the fingernail or toenail usually in corner where nail meets skin
petechiae
pinpoint, round spots that appear on the skin as a result of bleeding under the skin
pruritus-
itching
purpura-
purple-colored spots and patches that occur on the skin, and in mucus membranes, including the lining of the mouth
serpiginous-
(of a skin lesion or ulcerated region) having a wavy margin.
splinter hemorrhage –
small areas of bleeding under fingernails or toenails that take the shape of straight lines
subcutaneous-
Located, found, or placed just beneath the skin
turgor-
degree of elasticity of skin. When pinched or pressed the relative speed the skin resumes normal appearance the indicator of skin hydration.
urticaria-
hives. Raised, itchy areas of skin that are usually a sign of an allergic reaction. Hives can be rounded or flat-topped but are always elevated above the surrounding skin
vellus-

hair is short, fine, light-colored, and barely noticeable hair that develops on most of a person's body during childhood

Areola
pigmented tissue surrounding the nipple
Fibroadenoma
benign breast mass seen in younger women 15-25; usually smooth, rubbery, round, mobile and nontender
fibrocystic breast changes
breast tissue is nodular or rope-like seen in women ages 25-50 and may be tender or painful
galactorrhea
inappropriate discharge of milk containing fluid; abnormal if it occurs >6 months after childbirth/cessation of breastfeeding
nipple retraction
nipple is flattened and pulled inward; can be an indication of underlying breast cancer

peau d’orange sign: aka the orange peel sign; breast tissue is edematous and skin is thickened with large pores; first seen in lower portion of breast/areola and is a possible indication of breast cancer

adnexa
ovaries, fallopian tubes and supporting tissues (ie uterine appendages)
amenorrhea
absence of menstruation; primary: never started and secondary: cessation of periods after
they’ve been established; causes are anorexia, malnutrition, stress, chronic illness
Bartholin’s glands
located posteriorly on either side of the vaginal opening and are responsible for secretion of mucus; can become infected or a cyst may develop in which case they become more visible
cervical polyp
: bright red, soft, fragile growth on the cervix arising from the endocervical canal; benign but may bleed
cystocele
bulge of the upper 2/3 of the anterior vaginal wall, together with the bladder above it; results from weakened supporting tissues
dysmenorrhea
pain with menses
dyspareunia
pain with intercourse
fibroids
benign smooth muscle tumors of the uterine myometrium; feel like firm irregular nodules that are
in continuity with the uterine surface; cause heavy bleeding/menstrual irregularities in some women
introitus
the vaginal opening; may be hidden in a woman who has never had intercourse
mucopurulent cervicitis
purulent yellow drainage from the cervical os that is usually due to Chlamydia,
Gonorrhea, or Herpes infection
perineum
the area between the vagina and the anus
rectocele
herniation of the rectum into the posterior wall of the vagina resulting from weakness or defect in the endopelvic fascia
rugae
series of ridges produced by epithelial folding of the wall of the outer third of the vagina; facilitates the vagina’s ability to expand during childbirth
vaginitis
inflammation of the vaginal muscosa usually accompanied by discharge and is the result of candida, trichomonas or bacterial vaginosis
uterine prolapse
weakness of the pelvic floor and associated cystocele/rectocele that causes the uterus to
descend down the vaginal canal (1st degree: cervix is still in the vagina; 2nd degree: in introitus; 3rd degree:
anal fissure
painful oval ulceration of the anal canal found most commonly in posterior midline; may have swollen sentinel skin tag just below it; sphincter is spastic and examination is painful
anorectal fistula: inflammatory tract that opens at one end into anus/rectum and at the other end onto the
skin surface/into another viscus
benign prostatic hypertrophy
non-malignant enlargement of the prostate gland that increases with age (50% men age 50 have it); urinary frequency, urgency, nocturia, decreased stream, incomplete emptying, straining, etc.
chancre
painless erosion up to 2 cm in diameter that has a clean, red, smooth base and raised, indurated
borders; associated with inguinal LAD; seen in primary syphilis and heals in 3-8 weeks
epididymitis
acute inflammation of the epidydimis that is tender and swollen; scrotum may also be erythermatous; most commonly associated with Chlamydia infection in adults
hydrocele
non-tender fluid filled mass within the tunica vaginalis that transilluminates
hypospadias
congenital, displacement of the meatus of the penis to the inferior side
orchitis
acutely inflamed, painful, and swollen testicle
paraphimosis
tight prepuce that once retracted cannot be returned edema
phimosis
tight prepuce that cannot be retracted over the glans
prepuce
hoodlike foreskin that covers the glans penis
proctitis
inflammation of the rectum due to STIs or IBD
prostatitis
inflammation of prostate gland; fever, UTI symptoms, frequency, urgency, dysuria, gland feels tender and boggy on exam; most caused by gram neg anaerobes like E. coli, enterococcus, and proteus (if
<35 consider sexually transmitted neisseria or Chlamydia)
smegma
secretions of the glans penis that may collect under the foreskin
spermatocele
painless, movable cystic mass just above the testes filled with sperm; can’t be distinguished from an epididimal cyst
testicular torsion
twisting of the testicle on the spermatic cord that produces an acutely painful, tender, and swollen organ that is retracted upward into the scrotum; scrotum is red and edematous; surgical emergency; most common in adolescents
varicocele
varicose veins of the spermatic cord (usually found on left); feels like a “bag of worms”
venereal wart
condylomata acuminate; single or multiple papules/plaques that may be raised, flat, or verrucous; caused by HPV
DRE
digital rectal exam
ED
erectile dysfunction
UA
urinalysis
UTI

urinary tract infection