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178 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Reaction time
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Time taken to make a decision
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Movement time
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Time taken from the START OF THE RESPONSE/MOVEMENT to the END OF THE RESPONSE
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Response time
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The time from the STIMULUS BEING GIVEN to the END OF THE RESPONSE
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Choice Reaction time
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Time BETWEEN STIMULUS AND ACTION which requires a CHOICE
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Simple Reaction time
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Time taken to START A SINGLE RESPONSE to a SINGLE STIMULUS
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Ejection fraction
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Proportion of blood in the left ventricle pumped out each beat
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Starling's Law
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If more blood enters the heart during DIASTOLE then the walls of the ventricles will STRETCH AND CONTRACT more FORCEFULLY.
The greater the venous return - the GREATER THE STRENGTH OF CONTRACTION |
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Cardiovascular drift
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Heart Rate increases during exercise - this compensates for a DECREASE in STROKE VOLUME in an attempt to maintain cardiac output
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Isometric
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Contraction with NO MOVEMENT
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Isotonic
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Muscle CHANGES LENGTH while contracting
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Eccentric
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Muscle LENGTHENS as it CONTRACTS
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Concentric
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Muscle SHORTENS as it CONTRACTS
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What are the characteristics of cognitive feedback?
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Immediate, terminal, external, KR, Basic
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What are the characteristics of Autonomous feedback?
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Intrinsic (proprioceptors), KP, specific, can be delayed, concurrent (normally from proprioceptors)
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What is KR?
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Feedback about outcome of a movement (Successful or not)
External |
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What is KP?
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Internal (Kinaethsis) feedback about a movement/feel of a movement
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Basal Metabolic Rate
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How fast energy is being used (depends on age, gender and physique)
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Tidal Volume
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The amount of air breathed in or out per breath
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume
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Maximal amount of air forcibly inspired in addition to tidal volume
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Expiratory Reserve Volume
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Maximal amount of air forcibly expired in addition to tidal volume
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Vital Capacity
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Maximal amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration (TV + IRV + ERV)
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Residual Volume
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Amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal expiration
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Total Lung Capacity
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Vital capacity plus residual volume
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Minute Ventilation
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The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minute (ml min^-1)
= Frequency of breathing x TV (ml) |
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Skeletal muscle pump
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Muscle action that squeezes veins and forces blood towards the heart
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Venous return
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Mechanisms involved to assist the return of blood to the heart
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Respiratory pump
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Breathing movements force blood to flow towards the heart
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A-VO2
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The amount of oxygen removed from the blood by the muscles
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Synergist
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Muscles that stabilise a joint
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What do the gluteals control?
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Extension of HIP
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What do the hamstrings control?
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Flexion of the KNEE
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What do the quadriceps control?
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Extension of the KNEE
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What do the gastrocnemius control?
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In calf - causes plantar flexion
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What do the hip flexors control?
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Flexion of the hip (clap)
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What does the tibialis anterior control?
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Muscle in front of lower leg that causes DORSI FLEXION
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What do the triceps control?
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Extension at the ELBOW
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What does the latissimus dorsi control?
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Pulling the arm backwards
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What is the ForcE arm?
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Fulcrum to Effort
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What is the resiSTance arm?
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Square to triangle
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What is perceptual ability?
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To be able to take in information, recognise it and make sense of it
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What is a cognitive skill?
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Involves use of the BRAIN to reason and problem solve as a result of learning
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What is perceptual skill?
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Making sense of info from the senses
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What is pyscho-motor skill?
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Movement decided upon and controlled by the brain
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What else do you have to do?
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Remember to revise classifications of skills
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Input
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Seeing/hearing/feeling what is going on around you. AKA 'Perceiving the situation'
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Display
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The environment that provides information for the senses
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Stimulus identification stage
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Sense organs detect information and recognise it for what it is
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Perception
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The process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting and organising sensory information
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Proprioception
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Information about the movement of our body in space, its balance, position of limbs etc.
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Kinaesthesis
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A sense that tells the BRAIN about the MOVEMENT OF MUSCLES, tendons and joints, it is our sense of body-awareness or the position of various limbs in space
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DCR
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Involves detecting the stimulus, comparing that stimulus to information stored in the memory and recognising and identifying the stimulus
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Selective attention
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The process of picking out and focusing on those parts of the display that reelevant to our performance
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Encoding
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Storing information. E.g. you may remember a new mobile number by repeating it over and over in your head (this is encoding)
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STSS
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Large capacity, temporary storage for all incoming sensory information
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STM
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AKA 'working memory' - relates to what we are thinking about at any given moment in time. This is conscious memory. It is created by our paying attention to an external stimulus, an internal thought or both
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LTM
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A store of past experiences
Almost limitless capacity and long duration |
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Chaining
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Simplifying an action by reducing it into smaller links in a chain of events
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Mental Rehearsal
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'running through' a performance in one's mind
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Check the 'time' cards too dude. Keep on going!
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:)
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Hick's Law
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The more choices there are, the slower you reaction time will be
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Spatial anticipation
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Guessing a movement that will be needed
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Temporal anticipation
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Guessing what is about to happen
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PRP
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The delay in the response to the second of two closely spaced stimuli.
Brain cannot cope with two stimulus (single channel hypothesis) |
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Response selection
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Choosing a motor programme
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Motor programme
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A series of muscle contractions that produce a movement
Stored in LTM |
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Sub-routines
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Separate movements that make up a whole skill
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Motivation
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Internal states and external pressures that direct an individual towards a goal or course of action
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Intrinsic motivation
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Dive that comes from within - personal satisfaction, sense of mastery and accomplishment
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Extrinsic motivation
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Drive to perform to win or gain tangible or intangible rewards
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Learning
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A permanent or semi-permanent change in behaviour as a result of teaching, coaching and practice
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Operant conditioning
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Manipulating behaviour to shape the correct response thought the use of reinforcement
(strengthening the SR bond through punishment, positive or negative reinforcement) |
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Reinforcement
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A process by which a connection between a stimulus and a response is established and developed
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Positive reinforcement
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A process by which the performer associates the correct response to a stimulus, strengthening the S-R bond
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Negative reinforcement
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The process by which an aversive or unpleasing stimulus is withdrawn when the correct response is given.
S-R bond strengthened |
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Punishment
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Giving a stimulus to prevent a response occurring, breaking the S-R bond
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Memory trace
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Chooses the initial motor programme to achieve the goal, then taken over by the perceptual trace
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Perceptual trace
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Uses feedback to refine movement and eliminate errors
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Schema
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A generalised set of movement patterns that allow the performer to adapt to new situations
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Recall schema
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Stored information about how to produce a movement, made up of IR (from IRSR)
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Recognition schema
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Information that allows the performer to evaluate their movement- made or of SR (from IRSR)
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Insight theories
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Where the learner has a sudden leap of understanding and experiences a rapid improvement in performance
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Social learning theory
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Learning by copying others because we wish to be socially accepted
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Observational learning
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Learning a skill by coping or modelling ourselves on another person
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Feedback
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The information a performer receives during and after the performance of a movement
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KR
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Feedback about the outcome of a movement - its success or otherwise. External feedback
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KP
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Internal feedback (kinaesthesis)
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Learning plateau
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A period of time during which there is no change in performance
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Transfer of learning
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The application of previous experience to present learning. The effect on the performance of practising one skill or learning another
(positive, negative, zero, bilateral, proactive, retroactive) |
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Guidance
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Method by which a teacher/coach transmits the information necessary to help a performer develop a new skill (Visual, verbal, manual/mechanical)
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Play
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An activity that is undertaking purely for enjoyment or amusement
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Leisure
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A time during which you have no obligations to work or family, and are free to engage in self-directed and chosen activities
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Recreation
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Engaged in activites that refresh, relax or enable the recreation of oneself after the rigours of work or day-to-day life
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Physical recreation
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Engaged in a physical activity to do what rec does
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Active leisure
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Being active in leisure time
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Outdoor rec
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Recreation that takes place in the natural environment
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Adventure activity
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A form of outdoor rec that involves a DEGREE OF CHALLENGE AND RISK level dependent on performer
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Adventure education
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An adventure activity that is undertaken as part of a school or educational programme, with educational objectives
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Outdoor educaiton
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School work that takes place in the natural environment
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Perceived risk
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Belief that one is in a dangerous situation but it is dependent upon skill
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Actual risk
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In danger regardless of skill
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Escapism
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Forgetting of the pressures, concerns and stresses of everyday life
LINK: Outdoor activities |
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Outdoor activites
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Physical recreation that requires and makes use of the natural environment
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PE
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A formalised body of knowledge and experience taught within educational establishments
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HRF
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Fitness activities that contribute to improvements or maintenance of health
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Physical activity continuum
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The range of physical activities from play to sport, determined by the level of competition or level of organisation
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Public sector
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Services that are provided by NATIONAL OR LOCAL GOVERNMENT funded from TAXATION provided and managed for the GOOD OF THE LOCAL COMMUNITY
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Public good
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An action by national or local government that is deemed to meet the needs of the national or local community
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Educational sector provision
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Facilities and opportunities that are provided via school facilities
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Dual use
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A school sport and physical recreation facility that is used by the school during the day for curricular use and by the local community outside those times
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Joint use
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EXTENSION OF DUAL USE, where a sport and physical recreation facility is planned and built to be used by a school and the local community`
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Private sector
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Active leisure and precreation facilities and services provided as a commercial venture, where the prime objective is making a financial profit
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Voluntary sector
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The provision of active leisure, rec and sport opportunities by individuals without receiving payment. The provision is made by the members for the members
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Compulsory Competitive Tendering
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A system whereby local councils must invite private sector companies to bid for the right to manage a local authority leisure facility
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Best Value
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A system of national performance indicators that show the quality of active leisure and physical rec provision provided by your local council
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Sport England
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Government agency responsible for advising, investing in and promoting community sport
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Sport Equity
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A policy designed to ensure that everybody, regardless of anything has an equal opportunity to participate in sport and to fulfil their potential
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Exchequer Funding
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Funding that comes directly from central government, from national taxation
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Lottery funding
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Grants that come from the National Lottery's good causes fund
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Social control
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Mechanism wher eone group within society attempts to control another group. The sixth formers controlled the younger boys. The playing of games kept the boys under control
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Athleticism
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Fanatical devotion to both the physical side of playing sport, but also the development of moral integrity
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Codification
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Formalising of the rules of a sport
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Urbanisation
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Movement of the population to the cities from the countryside
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Rational recreation
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The provision of activities for the lower classes whose work and leisure time had become strictly limited
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Gentleman amateur
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Played sport for pleasure; played to a strict moral code - fair play
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Therapeutic
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Exercise having health as well as physical benefits
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Critical performer
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Understanding activities not just as a performer, but also as a coach
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Social inclusion
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The prevention of the limiting of people's and area's opportunities through not being in a similar status to the dominant social grouping in a society
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Sports college
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A specialist sports college is a maintained secondary school which receives additional funding from sports places
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Youth Sports Trust
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Charity set up in 1994 to support the education and development of all young people through PE and sport
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Quantitative research
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Data is collected that allows for a numerical or statistical analysis
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Qualitative research
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Conclusions are drawn from the basis of discussions or descriptions form individuals
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Barrier to participation
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An obstacle or a perceived obstacle that prevents an individual from participating in an activity, excluding their own capabilities
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Equality of opportunity
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An equal chance to participate regardless of gender, sexual preference, age, race and social class
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Discrimination
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Treating people differently through prejudice: unfair treatment of one person or a group often based upon a stereotypical view of that group or person
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Prejudice
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Holding a preformed judgement or opinion of someone based upon irrational, incomplete or inaccurate stereotypical views
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Steretype
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An oversimplified view of someone, a standardised image.
May include attributes that are incorrect or only partially true |
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Ethnic group
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A group of people who share a common and identifiable background
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Disability
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Any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being
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Socio-economic group
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A classification that groups together people with a similar social and economic status
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Impairment
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Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function
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Disability types
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Group of people with a specific and recognised impairment
(think of the 5, receive a cookie if you get them) |
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Profile system
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A method of grouping people with different disability types or with degrees of the same impairment together so that they may compete against each other
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Training principles
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A set of rules that need to be followed to make training effective
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Adaptation response
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The changes that occur in the body as a result of training
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Specificity
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Making training specific to the demands of the activity
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Overload
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Improvements in fitness result from exercising harder than normal
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FITT principles
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Overloading by varying frequency, intensity, type and time of training
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Progression
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Gradually increasing the level of workload in training as the body adapts and fitness improves
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Overtraining
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Training to hard and not allowing sufficient time for the body to adapt to the training loads
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Reversibility
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The idea that you lose fitness faster than you gain it
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Tedium
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Training the same way all the time is boring; everybody needs variation in their training
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Reliability
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The test would give the same result if it were repeated
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Active stretching
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Holding a stretched position by contraction of your own agonistic muscles
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Passive stretching
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A stretch position being held by something other than the agonistic muscles
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Static stretching
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Stretch to limit of range and then isometrically contract the stretched muscles
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Ballistic stretching
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Using a movement to 'bounce' in and out of a stretched position. Can cause injury
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Plyometrics
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Form of power training involving the stretching of a muscle followed by an immediate contraction (Jumping and bounding)
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Command style
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The teacher makes all the decisions, no input from the learner, no alternatives considered
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Reciprocal learning
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Learning in pairs, performer and observer. Observer gives feedback to the performer. Teacher still in control
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Discovery learning
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Teacher sets the problem but the learner finds the solution either with help from the teacher or on their own
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Problem-solving approach
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Teacher sets a problem and the learner finds a solution dependent upon their own qualities
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Whole practice method practice
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The complete skill is practised without any attempt to break it down into sub-routines
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Progressive part practice
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A method of practice where a skill is broken down into parts, each part learnt and then linked in and practised as a sequence
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Whole-part-whole pratice
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Skill is performed as a whole then broken into parts, a part is practised and then the skill is practised as a whole again
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Distributed practice
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When the time available is broken down into smaller time blocks, with rest periods
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Massed practice
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When the performer practises for the whole time available, with no breaks
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Mental practice
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The mental or cognitive rehearsal of a movement or skill, with no actual physical movement taking place
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Visual guidance
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The use of images or demonstrations to help a learner
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Verbal guidance
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The use of speech to describe the desired movement or to use key words to cue the learner's attention
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Mechanical/manual guidance
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The production of the correct movement by the use of mechanical aids or by the support of the coach
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Intrinsic feedback
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Information about movement that comes from the proprioceptors within the body. Internal feedback
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Kinaesthetic feedback
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A term for information that is received from the sense organs within the muscles, tendons and ligaments that give the body information about the body position and movement
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Terminal feedback
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Information about the performance received after the completion of the movement
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Delayed feedback
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Terminal feedback that is given some time after the event
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Concurrent feedback
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Information about performance that is received during the movement, can be intrinsic or extrinsic
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Positive feedback
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Praise and acknowledgement of a correct or successful action
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Negative feedback
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External information about how a movement was incorrect or could have been better, critical comments
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Delayed feedback
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Feedback given some time after the event
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