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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Trabeculae
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in spongy bone. They are bars or plates that make up the lattice of the bone, making it highly porous.
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Agonist
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Prime mover muscle
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Subluxation
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Partial Dislocation
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Unipennate
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Fiber organization of a muscle, feather-like, fibers are shorter and arranged on the diagonal, attached to common tendon. Designed for strength. Only one 'leaf'
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Longitudinal or Parallel Fibers
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Parallel fiber arrangement, high velocity and ROM (hamstring, biceps, triceps)
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Cortical
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bone with high density (low porosity). aka compact bone, found in the shafts of bones.
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Tendonitis
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inflammation of a tendon, usually due to overuse
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Sprain
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Injury to the musculotendinous unit, ligament injury. When applied forces exceed the tensile strength of the ligaments extracellular matrix.
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Strain
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Musculotendinous injury typically produced when too much force is transmitted through the musculotendinous unit - tearing where the tendon inserts into the bone, within the body of the tendon where the tendon joins the muscle, or within the muscle itself
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Lamella
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Layer of bone, outer, circular layers on cortical bone
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Histology
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study of tissue structure
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Motor behavior
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study of the behavior aspects of movement, including development, learning, and control
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Motor control
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study of the neural, physical, and behavioral aspects of movement
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Motor development
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study of changes in movement behavior throughout the life span
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Motor learning
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Study of how motor skills are learned
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Motor skill
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voluntary movement used to complete a desired task action or achieve a specific goal
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Fine motor skills
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skills involving intricate movement of small joints, recruit large number of fibers
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Gross motor skills
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skills involving movement and control of the limbs, recruit small number of fibers
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Aponeurosis
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sheets of tendon-like material that cover a muscle's surface or connect a muscle to another muscle, or muscle to bone.
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Haversian System/osteon
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fundamental structural unit of compact bone, consists of concentric layers of bone arranged around a central canal that houses blood vessels.
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Fasciculi
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bundle or collection of fibers, usually of muscle or nerve fibers
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Epicondylitis
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Common forearm injury in baseball and tennis, an irritation of connective tissue. From incorrect techniques, overuse, and muscle imbalance
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Axial skeleton
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subsystem of the skeletal system containing a skull, spinal column, and thoracic cage
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Appendicular skeleton
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subsystem of the skeletal system containing bones of the pelvic and pectoral girdles and the limbs
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Lacunae
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Small pocket or space, where osteocytes are formed and nutrients are stored
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Canaliculi
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communication from lacunae to lacanae - passageway
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Synergy
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'working together'
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Shoulder separation
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@ AC joint, ligament damage. (Grade 1 - AC tear) grade 2, (grade 3 -complete tear-need surgery)
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Stabilizer
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a type of muscle that keeps a joint from moving
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Sarcomere
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contractile unit within skeletal muscle
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Annular ligament
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Ligament between ulna and radius. Allows pivoting to occur, but also keeps it in place
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Radio collateral ligament
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between radius head (in sling) and end of humerus
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Ulnar collateral ligament
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between ulnar head and end of humerus
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Volkmann's canals
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in bone where blood systems and nervous cells run through, constant communication
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Osteocytes
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Mature bone cells that are smaller and less active than osteoblasts
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Osteoblasts
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mononuclear bone cells that produce new bone material
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Resorption
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breakdown or demineralization of bone
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Remodeling
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adaption of existing bone through a process of resorption and replacement
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Osteoclasts
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large, multinucleated cells that break down, or resorb, bone
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Cancellous bone
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Bone with high porosity (low density). Aka spongy or trabecular
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Compression
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Action tending to push together - stress fracture!
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Tension
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action tending to pull apart (repetitive pulling away of tendon)
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Fascia
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Type of sheet-like connective tissue covering a muscle or connecting skin to underlying tissue
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Torsion
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action tending to twist - usually foot locked in place and leg twists.
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Glenohumeral Joint
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Shoulder Joint, ball and socket, not well protected but huge ROM
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Shear
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action tending to push from the side ( -> )
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Osteoporosis
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severe bone loss that increases the risk of fracture
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Osteopenia
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Mild to moderate bone loss
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Amenorrhea
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absence of menstrual cycles
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Impingement
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condition in which pressure increases within a confined anatomical space and the enclosed tissues are detrimentally affected
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Rotator Cuff
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Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres major, subscapularis. Main role: stabilize shoulder joint, also create a variety of movement
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Hippocrates
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Father of Western Medicine, illness not based on superstition
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Aristotle
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father of Kinesiology, philosophy influenced science, dissected animals
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Herophilus
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First human dissection, father of anatomy
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Erasistratus
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Father of physiology, studied nervous, blood flow, heart function
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Archimedes
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Body Composition - fat vs muscle, difference in body density
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Galen
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One of history's greatest physicians, physician to gladiators, studied contactile properties of muscles, approved by the church, his ideas became Canon's law for 1000 years
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da Vinci
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scientist, inventor, artist, math, astronomer, philosopher. Dissected to learn, wrote about heart disease.
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Michelangelo
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David - 17 ft single block of marble, very accurate
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Vesalius
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Anatomist and physician who reformed the teaching of anatomy. Challenged Galen, hands-on teaching (became an outcast)
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Robert Hooke
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Developed microscope, studied cork
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Van Leeuwenhoek
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Dutch Ref Calvininst, father of microbiology
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Sir Isaac Newton
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Laws of motion (physics!)
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Henry Gray
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Gray's Anatomy - first real accurate anatomy book
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Edward Muybridge
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First motion analysis, photographer
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Newton's Laws of Motion
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1. particle stays at rest until acted upon
2. F= MA 3. Every action has an equal and opposite reaction |
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Line of action
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line along which a force acts, extending infinitely in both directions along the line of a finite force vector
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Hypertrophy
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increase in fiber size of a muscle
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Atrophy
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decrease in size of a muscle
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Extracellular matrix
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noncellular component of a tissue, defining feature of connective tissue, provides structural support, determines the mechanical characteristics of each connective tissue.
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Ground substance
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nonfibrous component of the extracellular matrix, primary determinant of whether a connective tissue is solid, fluid, or somewhere in between. Combo of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
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Bursa
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fluid-filled sac that helps cushion or reduce friction
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Ligaments
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connective tissue that connects bone to bone
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Tendon
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Cord-like connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
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Hyaline cartilage
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cartilage found on joint surfaces, on anterior surfaces of the ribs, and in areas of the respiratory system. Also serves as the precursor to bone in the developing fetus.
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Fibrocartilage
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strong and flexible cartilage that reinforces stress points and serves as filler material in and around joints
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Elastic cartilage
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flexible cartilage found in areas where extensibility is needed (eg external ear and respiratory system)
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Sagittal plane
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divides the body in left and right portion.
Axis: Frontal axis |
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Frontal plane
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divides the body into posterior and anterior parts.
Axis: Sagittal axis |
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Transverse Plane
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Divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Axis: Longitudinal axis |
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Range of motion
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measure of joint mobility
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Stability
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ability for a joint to resist dislocation
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Synarthroses
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functional classification of a joint with no movement
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Amphiarthroses
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functional classification of a joint with limited movement
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Diarthroses
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functional classification of a freely movable joint
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Fibrous joint
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structural classification of a joint bound by connective tissues composed primarily of collagen fibers
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Cartilaginous joint
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structural classification of a joint bound by cartilage
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Interosseous membrane
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collagenous tissue binding two bones together (ie tibiofibular joint)
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Symphyses
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joint between two bones separated by a fibrocartilage pad
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Synovial fluid
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viscous fluid found in synovial joints that provide lubrication and reduces friction
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Articular cartilage
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smooth, shiny layer of hyaline cartilage covering the joint surfaces of articulating bones
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Active support
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contribution of muscle action to joint stability
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passive support
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contribution of non-contractile tissues to joint stability
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Menisci
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fibrocartilage pads interposed between bones to provide shock absorption and improve bony fit
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Osteoarthritis
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degradation of articular cartilage caused by mechanical action. The most common kind of arthritis.
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Rheumatoid arthritis
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autoimmune condition leading to joint inflammation
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Gouty arthritis
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joint inflammation caused by uric acid crystals embedded in joint structures, leading to irritation and inflammation
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Gliding Joint
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non axial, wrist bones, bones slide past each other
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Hinge Joint
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uniaxial, finger joints, elbow joint
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Pivot Joint
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Unaxial (transverse plane), radioulnar, neck
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Condyloid Joint
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Biaxial, at knee when flexed, finger joint
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Saddle Joint
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Biaxial, joint of thumb
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Ball and Socket Joint
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Triaxial, hip and shoulder
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Subluxation
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partial joint dislocation
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Scapulohumeral rhythm
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coordinated action of the humerus and scapula in facilitating glenohumeral abduction
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Excitability
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describes the ability of a muscle to respond to a stimulus
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Contractility
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a muscle's ability to generate a pulling, or tension, force
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Extensibility
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describes the muscle's ability to lengthen, or stretch, and as a consequence, to generate force over a range of lengths
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Elasticity
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a tissue's ability to return to it's original length and shape after an applied force is removed
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Concentric contraction
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shortening muscle contraction. The muscle is able to shorten while overcoming the external force.
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Eccentric contraction
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lengthening muscle contraction. Muscle causes the joint movement to occur more slowly that gravity would allow it to.
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Isometric contraction
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not moving, supporting a weight
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Isokinetic
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describes a contraction peroformed with a constant angular velocity
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Musculotendinous unit
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combined unit including a skeletal muscle and its tendons
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Antagonist
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muscle acting in opposition to a movement
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Neutralizer
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cancels out undesired movement. IE If want pure flexion, hor. abd will turn on a bit to cancel out hor add.
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Coactiviation
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simultaneous action of agonist and antagonist at a given joint
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Fusiform/longitudinal
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parallel muscle fibers, high velocity and ROM
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Penniform
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feather like muscle fiber arrangement, fibers are shorter and arranged diagonally, attached to a common tendon. Designed for high force. Uni, Bi, Multi.
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Sternoclavicular Joint
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SC - modified ball and socket, triaxial between clavicles and sternum
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Acromioclavicular Joint
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AC joint - triaxial gliding joint, most movements of scapula occur here.
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Diaphysis
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shaft of a bone
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Epiphysis
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where growth occurs on a bone
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Wolff's Law
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we need external stress on our bones to help build a better skeleton
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Joint capsules
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Connective tissue in synovial joints, provide stability
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Degrees of freedom
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how many planes of motion there are in a joint
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Flexors
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What are stronger, extensors or flexors?
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Supinator
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What are stronger, supinators or pronators?
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Synergist
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adds a bit more force than normal (ie stuck under car, etc)
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