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215 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CASE STUDY 1:
BP |
↓
decrease in venous return |
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CASE STUDY 1:
Heart Rate |
↑
carotids inhibit cardiac center so when they sense low BP, they fire less action potentials so heart rate goes up. |
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CASE STUDY 1:
Cardiac output |
↓
low because of low venous return |
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CASE STUDY 1:
Venous Return |
↓
because of low blood pressure |
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CASE STUDY 1:
Stroke Volume |
↓
because of low venous return |
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CASE STUDY 1
EDV |
↓
don't have a lot of blood so you can't refill ventricles |
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CASE STUDY 1
ventricular contractility |
↑
ventricles try to compensate for low amount of blood. norepinephrine increases contractility |
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CASE STUDY 1
Calcium |
↑
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CASE STUDY 1
ESV |
↓
decreased because of decreased venous return. less blood in heart to pump. |
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CASE STUDY 1
parasympathetic tone |
↓
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CASE STUDY 1
acetylcholine |
↓
acetylcholine decreases cAMP, so low acetylcholine means high cAMP and high heart rate |
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CASE STUDY 1
CO2 in tissue |
↑
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CASE STUDY 1
pH in tissue |
↓
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CASE STUDY 1
lactic acid |
↑
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CASE STUDY 1
bicarbonate in blood |
↓
*? |
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CASE STUDY 1
respiration |
↑
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CASE STUDY 1
H ions |
↑
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CASE STUDY 1
alveolar ventilation |
↑
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CASE STUDY 1
respiration rate |
↑
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CASE STUDY 1
CO2 of arterial blood |
↓
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CASE STUDY 1
PO2 in arterial blood |
↑
* |
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CASE STUDY 1
PCO2 |
↓
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CASE STUDY 1
action potential |
↓
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CASE STUDY 1
norepinephrine |
↑
In response to low BP. it binds to beta receptors and increases cAMP which increases AP in the SA node and the decreases the threshold for calcium so you get a steeper slope |
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CASE STUDY 1
cAMP |
↑
increased by an increase of norepinephrine. |
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CASE STUDY 1
Blood flow |
↓
lost a ton of blood but reflexes are good and hasn't taken any fluids yet. |
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CASE STUDY 1
ADH |
↑
because of great blood loss. |
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CASE STUDY 1
bicarb in urine |
↓
you don't want bicarbonate in the urine, you want it in your body to decrease the acidity in your blood stream. |
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CASE STUDY 1
H+ in urine |
↑
because you want to increase you pH to normal levels. |
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CASE STUDY 1
pH in urine |
↓
lactic acid will increase and H ions will increase and low bicarbonate. this is all because perfusion is decreases (perfusion is the flow of blood from the tissues to the lungs so you get sick) which causes more CO2 in the tissues (which is an acid). |
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CASE STUDY 1
ammonium in urine |
↑
ammonium is an acid so it's increased in the urine to get rid of it. it's ammonia that takes a hydrogen on and excretes it in an effort to normalize pH |
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CASE STUDY 1
ADH |
↑
because of great blood loss. decreased stretch of the right atria so baroreceptors will fire less which tells your osmoles to go up which increases ADH which will cause you to retain more osmoles. |
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CASE STUDY 1
A II |
↑
because of great blood loss. |
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CASE STUDY 1
stretch of R atria |
↓
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CASE STUDY 1
osmolarity of urine |
↑
because you're getting rid of all the acid components via urine so it increases osmolarity. |
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CASE STUDY 1
HPO4 in urine |
↓
Decrease. HPO4 binds to hydrogen to excrete it from the body, forming H2PO4 in the process. |
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CASE STUDY 1
H2PO4 in urine |
↑
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CASE STUDY 1
renin |
↑
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CASE STUDY 1
aldosterone |
↑
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CASE STUDY 1
glutamate |
↑
you can make bicarbonate from this |
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CASE STUDY 1
pH |
↓
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CASE STUDY 1
hemoglobin saturation |
→
already fully saturated. |
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CASE STUDY 1
osmolarity of blood |
→
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CASE STUDY 1
blood flow to vital organs |
↓
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CASE STUDY 1
sympathetic tone |
↑
because of arterial constriction, its the fight or flight mechanism. actually causes constriction. |
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CASE STUDY 1
total peripheral resistance |
↑
this happens as your arteries constricts. its restriction against blood. |
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CASE STUDY 1
blood potassium |
↓
because of increased aldosterone. |
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CASE STUDY 1
venous return |
↓
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CASE STUDY 1
cortisol |
↑
due to high stress |
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CASE STUDY 1
CRH |
↑
due to high stress |
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CASE STUDY 1
ACTH |
↑
due to high stress |
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CASE STUDY 1
hematocrit |
→
loss of blood not osmoles. |
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CASE STUDY 1
urine flow |
↓
because of increased ADH, low GFR because you have low blood pressure. |
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CASE STUDY 1
GFR |
↓
because of low BP. |
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CASE STUDY 1
arterial constriction |
↑
arteries constrict so your getting less blood flow so you can get more blood flow to heart and brain which is your body's last ditch effort. |
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CASE STUDY 2
blood volume |
↓
because of edema. decreased oncotic pressure because you're losing proteins. all the water in your blood can't be pulled back in. he hasn't lost a lot of blood it's just that his water is in this limbs, so blood volume has decreased. |
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CASE STUDY 2
total body water |
↑
edema |
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CASE STUDY 2
BP |
↓
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CASE STUDY 2
renin |
↑
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CASE STUDY 2
A II |
↑
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CASE STUDY 2
aldosterone |
↑
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CASE STUDY 2
Na reasbsorb |
↑
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CASE STUDY 2
urine flow |
↓
decreased GFR becaue blood pressure is low. |
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CASE STUDY 2
GFR |
↓
because of decreased BP |
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CASE STUDY 2
WBC |
↑
insanely high because of inflammation. |
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CASE STUDY 2
histamine |
↑
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CASE STUDY 2
T3 |
↑
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CASE STUDY 2
TNF |
↑
main things that change your set point in your hypothalamus, it's pro-inflamatory |
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CASE STUDY 2
interlukein 1 |
↑
main things that change your set point in your hypothalamus, it's pro-inflamatory |
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CASE STUDY 2
PGE2 |
↑
increases in your hypothalamus which changes set point and causes a fever. |
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CASE STUDY 2
COX |
↑
are anti-inflammatory |
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CASE STUDY 2
phopholipase A2 |
↑
this make arachadonic acid. |
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CASE STUDY 2
CRP |
↑
excellant marker for inflammation. |
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CASE STUDY 2
ferretin |
↑
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CASE STUDY 2
sedimenation rate |
↑
how fast the red blood cells sedimate to the bottom. the sed rate increased (how fast it percipitates to the bottom) due to inflammation |
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CASE STUDY 2
fibrinogen |
↑
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CASE STUDY 2
inflammation |
↑
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CASE STUDY 2
albumin |
↓
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CASE STUDY 2
PGI2 |
↓
a vasodilator that is made by HEALTHY endothelium |
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CASE STUDY 2
NO |
↓
a vasodilator that is made by HEALTHY endothelium |
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CASE STUDY 2
cortisol |
↑
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CASE STUDY 2
bradykinin |
↑
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CASE STUDY 2
factor 12 |
↑
increase clotting which increase bradykinin |
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CASE STUDY 2
serotonin |
↑
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CASE STUDY 2
Mast Cells |
↑
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CASE STUDY 2
macrophages |
↑
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CASE STUDY 2
cytokines |
↑
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CASE STUDY 2
T cells |
↑
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CASE STUDY 2
B cells |
↑
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CASE STUDY 2
ADPase |
↓
another anti-inflammatory (goes along with NO and PGI2) |
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CASE STUDY 2
oncotic blood pressure |
↓
you have a lot of inflammation so protein go down. |
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CASE STUDY 2
hematocrit |
↑
because you have low blood volume but not due to blood loss. |
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CASE STUDY 2
sodium |
↑
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CASE STUDY 3
urine flow |
↑
polyuria due to high ketone |
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CASE STUDY 3
water reabsorption |
↓
you are getting rid of all the glucose via urine so you're not holding on to it. |
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CASE STUDY 3
glucose in distal tubule |
↑
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CASE STUDY 3
glucose in urine |
↑
glucose is too high for the glucose transporters. |
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CASE STUDY 3
ketone bodies |
↑
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CASE STUDY 3
insulin |
↓
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CASE STUDY 3
glucagon |
↑
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CASE STUDY 3
pH |
↓
you're in acidosis |
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CASE STUDY 3
bicarbonate |
↓
you're in acidosis, the ratio is still decreased compared to usual even though your kidneys are making more bicarbonate |
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CASE STUDY 3
H+ |
↑
carotids sense high hydrogen so it's going to cause hyperventilation. |
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CASE STUDY 3
respiration rate & depth |
↑
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CASE STUDY 3
CO2 in arterial blood |
↓
* arterials have gone through the lungs then go through the body. get rid of the CO2 via lungs. it's lower than usual because you have rapid breathing. |
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CASE STUDY 3
carbonic acid |
↓
because the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid is decreased. |
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CASE STUDY 3
gluconeogenesis |
↑
body isn't senses glucose so it's going to make it. |
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CASE STUDY 3
glycogen in liver |
↓
insulin synthesis glycogen |
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CASE STUDY 3
Fatty Acids (in blood) |
↑
break down fatty acids for energy |
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CASE STUDY 3
protein synthesis |
↓
concentrating on making energy not protein or muscle or whatever. |
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CASE STUDY 3
BP |
↓
decreased volume from urinating so much |
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CASE STUDY 3
AMPkinase with exersice |
↑
allows glut 4 to the membrane to access glucose. |
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CASE STUDY 3
inflammation |
↑
becuase of glycosalated proteins, RAGE receptors are activated. they see the glycosalated proteins as foreign invaders. |
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CASE STUDY 4
PO2 of arterial blood |
↓
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CASE STUDY 4
air out |
↓
obstructive disease |
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CASE STUDY 4
alveolar ventilation |
↓
don't have much air going in. |
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CASE STUDY 4
FEV1 |
↓
due to obstruction disease |
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CASE STUDY 4
O2 to alveoli |
↓
because you can't breath it out, it's hard for you to get it in. |
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CASE STUDY 4
CO2 |
↑
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CASE STUDY 4
pH |
↓
increased lactic acid. |
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CASE STUDY 4
contractility |
↓
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CASE STUDY 4
lactic acid |
↑
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CASE STUDY 4
bicarbonate |
↓
kidney is increases bicarbonate but it's getting destroyed so fast by the lactic acid. |
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CASE STUDY 4
bicarbonate produced |
↑
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CASE STUDY 4
venous BP |
↑
caused by venous blood pooling |
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CASE STUDY 4
venous return |
↓
so blood is pooling in the veins. |
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CASE STUDY 4
arterial BP |
↓
blood isn't coming back |
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CASE STUDY 4
erythropoetin |
↑
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CASE STUDY 4
RBC synthesis |
↑
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CASE STUDY 4
HCT |
↑
because more RBC have been made because of low oxygen, body is trying to compensate but it's only hurting it more. |
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CASE STUDY 4
cardiac output |
↓
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CASE STUDY 4
vital capacity |
→
messed up with restrictive disease not obstructive. |
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CASE STUDY 4
residual volume |
↑
because residual volume is how much air is in your lungs after an exagerated expiration. |
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CASE STUDY 4
functional residual volume |
↑
after a normal breath out. |
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CASE STUDY 4
hemoglobin |
↑
because you've increased erythropoetin. |
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CASE STUDY 4
O2 carrying capacity |
↑
because your making more hemoglobin, you have the capicity to bind more oxygen |
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CASE STUDY 4
O2, hemoglobin saturation |
↓
don't have enough oxygen for all the hematocrit. |
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CASE STUDY 4
venous pressure |
↑
venous pressure is high so it's difficult to get blood back into you blood stream. |
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CASE STUDY 5
CRP |
↑
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CASE STUDY 5
NO |
↓
unhealthy endothelium |
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CASE STUDY 5
BP |
↓
unhealthy endothelium |
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CASE STUDY 5
PO2 |
↓
pressure of oxygen. |
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CASE STUDY 5
erythropoetin |
↑
because of a decrease in oxygen. |
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CASE STUDY 5
HCT |
↑
more RBC are made so this increase HCT. |
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CASE STUDY 5
Cardiac Output |
↓
congestive heart failure decreases output. |
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CASE STUDY 5
EDV |
↑
heart is overstretched. |
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CASE STUDY 5
Q wave |
↑
she's had many heart attacks in the past. |
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CASE STUDY 5
contractility |
↓
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CASE STUDY 5
ejection fraction |
↓
congestive heart failure |
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CASE STUDY 5
SV |
↓
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CASE STUDY 5
ANP |
↑
heart is stretched |
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CASE STUDY 5
BNP |
↑
heart is stretched |
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CASE STUDY 5
renin |
↑
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CASE STUDY 5
A II |
↑
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CASE STUDY 5
aldosterone |
↑
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CASE STUDY 5
Na absorption |
↑
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CASE STUDY 5
TBW |
↑
because you're body is registering that you have low BP. |
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CASE STUDY 5
venous pressure |
↑
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CASE STUDY 5
arterial pressure |
↓
heart is not pumping well |
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CASE STUDY 5
pH |
↓
acidosis |
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CASE STUDY 5
lactic acid |
↑
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CASE STUDY 5
heart rate |
↑
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CASE STUDY 5
sympathetic tone |
↑
which comes with high heart rate. decrease BP so makes your baroreceptors fire less so you'll have a decrease inhibition of the cardiac center. |
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CASE STUDY 5
baroreceptor fire |
↓
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CASE STUDY 5
parasympathetic tone |
↓
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CASE STUDY 5
urine flow |
↓
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CASE STUDY 5
GFR |
↓
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CASE STUDY 5
H20 absorption |
↑
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CASE STUDY 5
ejection factor |
↓
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CASE STUDY 5
stress tolerance |
↓
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CASE STUDY 5
ESV |
↑
because you can't pump it out. |
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CASE STUDY 6
albumin |
↓
liver freaks out. decrease plasma protein so decreased oncotic pressure. |
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CASE STUDY 6
oncotic pressure |
↓
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CASE STUDY 6
TBW |
↑
not getting drawn back into your capillaries |
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CASE STUDY 6
BP |
↓
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CASE STUDY 6
A II |
↑
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CASE STUDY 6
renin |
↑
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CASE STUDY 6
aldosterone |
↑
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CASE STUDY 6
conserve H2O |
↑
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CASE STUDY 6
GFR |
↓
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CASE STUDY 6
urine flow |
↓
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CASE STUDY 6
free bilirubin |
↑
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CASE STUDY 6
foam urine |
↓
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CASE STUDY 6
bile |
↓
helps with fat absorption. emulsifies fat. |
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CASE STUDY 6
fat soluble vitamins |
↓
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CASE STUDY 6
fat in stool |
↑
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CASE STUDY 6
flatulance |
↑
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CASE STUDY 6
vit K, A, D, E |
↓
can't be absorbed well because you decreased bile. |
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CASE STUDY 6
Ca absorb |
↓
low vit D (D is needed to absorb calcium) |
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CASE STUDY 6
clot factors |
↓
you need vitamin K for clotting so you'll having bruising and bleeding. |
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CASE STUDY 6
glucose between meals |
↓
because you don't have a place to store it |
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CASE STUDY 6
glucose right after meals |
↑
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CASE STUDY 6
cholesterol |
↓
because made by liver |
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CASE STUDY 6
atherosclerosis |
↓
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CASE STUDY 6
steroid metabolites in urine |
↓
liver can break them down or metabolize them so they're just going to chill in your body |
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CASE STUDY 6
heart rate |
↑
because of low BP so your baroreceptors will fire less so cardiac center will be less inhibited. |
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CASE STUDY 6
detoxification |
↓
thats what the liver does |
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CASE STUDY 6
toxic waste |
↑
liver is what metabolizes them. |
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CASE STUDY 6
total hormone concentration |
↓
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CASE STUDY 6
cortisol |
↑
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CASE STUDY 6
testosterone |
↓
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CASE STUDY 6
LH |
↓
last thing you need to worry about is having kids. |
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CASE STUDY 6
FSH |
↓
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CASE STUDY 6
estrogen |
↓
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CASE STUDY 6
progesterone |
↓
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CASE STUDY 6
total thyroid hormone |
↓
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CASE STUDY 6
free thyroid hormone |
↑
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How much oxygen can hemoglobin carry
|
1.34 mL O2/gram Hemoglobin
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Respiratory Distress Syndrome
|
lack of surfactant in newborns
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Normal blood contains ___ g of hemoglobin per 100 ml blood
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15 g
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What are the major ways that oxygen and carbon dioxide are carried?
|
oxygen- hemoglobin
carbon dioxide- bicarbonate |
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What is the Bohr effect?
|
pH, CO2, increased temp, or increased 2,3-DPG shift the oxygen-hemoglobin curve
it increases delivery of oxygen to the tissues |
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Was is the equation for minute respiratory volume?
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Tidal Volume x Respiratory Rate
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What is the equation for Minute alveolar ventilation?
|
= (Tidal volume – dead space)(Respiratory Rate)
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Acid Base balance numbers
|
PCO2 <40 basic >40 acidic
HCO3 <24 acidic >24 basic |
