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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the major intracellular cation?
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Potassium
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How is potassium concentration in the cell maintained?
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Na+/K+ pump
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What cation is essential for the transmission and conduction of nerve impulses?
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Potassium
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Larges changes in pH will likely affect which cation?
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Potassium
(acidosis leads to reabsorbtion of K+, alkalosis causes the excretion of K+) |
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If the kidneys are excreting K+, what is likely the pH condition?
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alkalosis or basic (low H+ concentration)
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If the kidneys are reabsorbing K+, what is likely the pH condition?
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acidosis or acidic (high H+ concentration)
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Why is potassium so closely tied to acid-base balance of pH?
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Its due to the "H+ K+ ATPase" in the epithelial cells of the collecting duct.
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What happens to the membrane potential with hyperkalemia?
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Cell depolarize
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What happens to the membrane potential with hypokalemia?
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Cell hyperpolarizes
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What would happen to muscle excitability during hyperkalemia?
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Two things can happen!!
1.) The muscle would become more excitable or 2.) The muscle would become less excitable |
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How would hyperkalemia lead to a muscle becoming less excitable?
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It can lead to incomplete repolarization, and no action potential can be reached.
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What are the normal ranges of blood potassium?
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3.5 mEq/L to 5.5 mEq/L
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Why is hyperkalemia rare?
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The kidneys are efficient at renal excretion of excess potassium
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What effect would an insulin deficiency have on blood potassium levels?
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It would cause hyperkalemia
(Insulin takes potassium into the cell, therefore there would be little in the cell) |
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What effect would excessive secretion of insulin have on blood potassium levels?
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it would cause Hypokalemia
(insulin would take in most of the potassium into the cell from the ECF) |
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What is an example of a mild hyperkalemia attack?
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Any type of neuromuscular irritability
ie. tingling of lips and fingers, restlessness |
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What is an example of a severe hyperkalemia attack?
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The cell wont repolarize, causes muscles weakness or flaccid paralysis.
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Why would cell trauma cause hyperkalemic conditions?
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Cells contain a lot of potassium, and if ruptured, it is released into the ECF.
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A pronounced U wave on a ECG would indicate what type of condition?
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Hypokalemia
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A Tall peaked T wave on a ECG would indicate what type of condition?
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Hyperkalemia
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Why are calcium and phosphate indirectly related?
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They complex easy to each other and precipitate. Very undesirable.
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If calcium concentration increases, what ion is likely to decrease?
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Phosphate
(they are indirectly related to avoid precipitation) |
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Where is most calcium located?
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In the bone as a hydroxyapatite
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What two ions are in bone as hyroxyapitite?
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Calcium and phosphate
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What is/are the function(s) of Ca++?
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-forming of bones and teeth
-blood clotting -hormone secretion -cell receptor function (secondary messaging pathways) |
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What is/are the function(s) of Phosphate?
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-Necessary for high-energy bonds located in creatine phosphate and ATP
-Acts as an Anion buffer |
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If calcium concentration decreases, what is its effect on sodium?
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It decreased the block of Na+ into the cell, which causes increased excitability
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If calcium concentration increases, what is its effect on sodium?
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It increases the block of Na+ into the cell, which causes decreased excitability.
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Muscle cramps would be an indication of what type of calcium condition?
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Hypocalcemia
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Muscle weakness would be an indication of what type of calcium condition?
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Hypercalcemia.
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Muscle weakness would be an indication of what type of phosphate condition?
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hypophosphatemia
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Muscle cramps would be an indication of what type of phosphate condition?
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Hyperphosphatemia
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In general, conditions of hypercalcemia would mimic hypophosphatemia or hyperphosphatemia?
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Hypercalcemia would mimic Hypophosphatemia.
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Is magnesium a cation of the ICF or EFC?
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cation of the ICF
(acts as a cofactor in protein and nucleic acid synthesis) |
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What is magnesium's main role?
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Mg+ acts as a cofactor in protein and nucleic acid synthesis because it has two charges (divalent).
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What effect does magnesium have on ACH?
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magnesium decreases the release of ACH at the neuromuscular joint. Less excitation of muscles.
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Tetany would be an indication of what type of blood magnesium level?
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Hypomagnesemia
(magnesium decreases the release of ACH at the neuromuscular joint. Less excitation of muscles.) |
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Muscle weakness would be an indication of what type of blood magnesium level?
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Hypermagnesemia
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What is the normal body's pH range?
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pH between 7.35 - 7.45
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What organs are involved in the regulation of acid/base balance?
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Lungs and kidneys
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Volatile acid (H2CO3) is regulated by which organ?
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Lungs
(Eliminated as CO2 gas) |
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nonvolatile acid (Sulfuric, phosphoric acids) is regulated by which organ?
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Kidneys
(eliminated by renal tubules with regulation of HCO3-) |
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What is the most important plasma buffering systems?
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-carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
-hemoglobin |
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CO2 + H20 = ???
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H2CO3, which can dissociate to H+ and HCO3-
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What are the reagents and products in the carbonic acid equation?
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CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3 --> H+ +HCO3-
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If you increase H+ in the carbonic acid equation, what will happen to CO2 and HCO3-?
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CO2 will increase
HCO3- will decrease |
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If you increase CO2 in the carbonic acid equation, what will happen?
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Increase H+
(asthma is an example, because decreased ventilation) |
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How does the respiration system compensate for and increase in pH?
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Decrease in ventilation
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How does the renal system compensate for a decrease in pH?
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produces acidic acid, by pumping excess H+ into the urine.
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How can proteins act as buffers for H+?
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Proteins have negative charges, so they can regulate H+ ions.
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Is there more ICF or ECF?
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More ICF
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Is interstitial fluid part of the ECF or ICF?
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ECF
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What is oncotic pressure
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osmotic pressure due to proteins
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What are proteins embedded in the cell membrane that regulate the flow of water?
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Aquaporins
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Why would the lose of albumin lead to edema?
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There is little oncotic pressure to pull water back into the cell.
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What pressure causes water to be pushed out of the capillaries in the event of a blood clot in a main vein?
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hydrostatic pressure
All this causes edema |
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Condition known as an accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces
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edema
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What are the 4 causes of Edema?
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-increase in hydrostatic pressure
-Loss of plasma albumin -Increased capillary permeability -Lymph Obstruction |
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Where does Vasopressin come from?
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Posterior Pituitary
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Where does vasopressin act?
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The collecting duct of the nephron
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What does vasopressin do?
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cause insertion of aquaporins into the collecting duct --> water reabsorption by kidneys.
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What is the main extracellular cation in the body?
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Sodium
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If we want to excrete water, we would (excrete or absorb) Sodium?
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Excrete Sodium
(water follows sodium) |
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If we want to absorb water, we would (excrete or absorb) Sodium?
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absorb sodium
(water follows sodium) |
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Sodium regulates what kind of forces?
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Osmotic
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What regulates sodium balance in the body?
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Aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
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A hormone that increases the reabsorption of sodium and water and then secretes potassium in the kidneys
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Aldosterone
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The renin-angiotensin system (RAAS) regulates which hormon and which ion?
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Aldosterone, sodium
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Hypotonic loss is a loss of more water or solute?
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Water
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Hypertonic loss is a lost of more water or solute?
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solute
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A loss of fluid that is equal in loss of water and solute
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Isotonic loss
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How can you have an isotonic volume excess?
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- Drink a lot of gaterade
- given too much of an IV |
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Your HR would (increase or decrease) as a result of Isotonic Volume depletion?
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increase
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Your BP would (increase or decrease) as a result of Isotonic Volume depletion?
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decrease
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Your amound of urine would (increase or decrease) as a result of Isotonic Volume depletion?
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decrease
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Would hypersecretion of aldosterone cause Isotonic volume depletion or excess?
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Isotonic Volume Excess, because aldosterone conserves sodium, water follows the sodium.
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Would cortisone use cause Isotonic volume depletion or excess?
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Isotonic Volume Excess
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Your BP would (increase or decrease) as a result of Isotonic Volume Excess?
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BP would increase
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Your HR would (increase or decrease) as a result of Isotonic Volume Excess?
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HR would decrease
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What are the two ways to get Hypernatremia?
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1. Sodium Gain
2. Water loss |
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What are some manifestations of Hypernatremia?
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Intracellular dehydration, hypotension, tachycardia(high HR)
(high salt concentration water moves from ICF to ECF) |
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Why would the hematocrit increase in the condition of hypernatremia?
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There is less water in the blood, makes a higher % RBC.
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What does hyponatremia do to the cell on the cellular level?
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Hypnatermia decreases the ECF osmotic pressure, water moves into the cell and begins to swell.
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What are the two ways to get Hyponatremia?
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1. Ingest too much free water
2. Sodium deficiency |
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What blood concentration condition would lead to the symptoms of hypovolemia?
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Hyponatremia
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What two things cause Exessive Water in the body?
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1. Compulsive water drinking
2. Decreased urine formation (SIADH) |
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What is the effect of SIADH?
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secretes ADH even though the body is absent of hypovolemia or hyperosmotic, therefore it retains water
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How is hypochloremia usually developed?
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Due to vomiting or a lose of HCL
Occurs in cystic fibrosis. |
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What disease is most likely to have hypochloremia?
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cystic fibrosis
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Which is more rare Hypokalemia or Hyperkalemia?
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Hyperkalemia because the renal excretion is good.
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Which acid/base imbalance is due to elevation of pCO2 due to ventillation depression?
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Respiratory acidosis
example asthma |
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Which acid/base imbalance is due to depression of pCO2 due to aveolar hyperventilation?
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Respiratory Alkalosis
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Which acid/base imbalance is due to depression of HCO3- or an increase in non-carbonic acids?
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Metabolic Acidosis
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Which acid/base imbalance is due to elevation of HCO3- usually due to a loss of metabolic acids
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Metabolic alkalosis
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During respiratory acidosis will HCO3- increase or decrease
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Increase
(respiratory is reversed) ph & HCO3- |
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During metabolic acidosis will HCO3- increase or decrease
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Decrease
(metabolic mimics) ph & HCO3- |
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During respiratory Alkalosis will HCO3- increase or decrease?
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Decrease
(respiratory is reversed) ph & HCO3- |
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During metabolic Alkalosis will HCO3- increase or decrease?
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increase
(metabolic mimics) ph & HCO3- |
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During acidosis, what would you expect a patients plasma K+ to be?
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Hyperkalemia
K+ leves rise to get rid of H+ ions. |
