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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 3 types of 'CONTRACTILE TISSUE' in the body?
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1. SMOOTH MUSCLE
2. CARDIAC MUSCLE 3. SKELETAL MUSCLE |
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What are the 2 'RESPONSIBILITIES' for the 3 types of contractile tissue in the body?
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1. MOVEMENT OF THE BODY
2. MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS IN BODY |
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What do 'MUSCLE CELLS' give the body in general?
(*3 THINGS) |
1. FORM STABILITY TO BODY
2. WORK IN OPPOSITION TO GRAVITY 3. MAINTAIN BODY POSTURE |
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What do 'SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS' release as an end product?
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HEAT
(*END PRODUCT OF 'METABOLISM') |
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What muscle cells play a role in 'TEMPERATURE REGULATION'?
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SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS
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What skin cells are all 3 'MUSCLE CELL TYPES' 'DERIVED' from and what are they 'COMPOSED' of?
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1. DERIVED = MESODERM
2. COMPOSED OF = 'CONTRACTILE FIBERS' (ELONGATED CELLS) |
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What is 'MYOGENIC' contraction defined as?
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SPONTANEOUS CONTRACTION
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What is 'NEUROGENIC' contraction defined as?
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INNERVATION CONTRACTION
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What are the 4 'CHARACTERISTICS' of 'SMOOTH MUSCLE'?
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1. ELONGATED
2. 'NO' CROSS STRIATIONS 3. INVOLUNTARY CONTROL 4. ONLY 'ONE' NUCLEUS |
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What are the 4 'CHARACTERISTICS' of 'CARDIAC MUSCLE'?
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1. 'YES' CROSS STRIATIONS
2. ONLY 'ONE' NUCLEUS 3. INVOLUNTARY CONTROL 4. INTERCALATED DISCS |
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What are the 4 'CHARACTERISTICS' of 'SKELETAL MUSCLE'?
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1. ELONGATED
2. 'MULTI' NUCLEATED 3. VOLUNTARY CONTROL 4. WELL DEVELOPED 'CROSS STRIATIONS' |
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What is the 'PRIMARY FUNCTION' of 'SMOOTH MUSCLE'?
Where are they 'PRIMARILY LOCATED'? |
1. CONTRACTION OF INTERNAL ORGANS
2. PRESENT IN WALLS OF MANY ORGANS |
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What is a 'SYNCYTIUM'?
What 'MUSCLE TISSUE' is responsible for this? |
WHEN 'CARDIAC MUSCLE' TISSUE BIFURCATES AND JOINS ADJACENT FIBERS.
CREATES 'INTERCALATED FIBERS' ONLY 'CARDIAC MUSCLE' |
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What is the function of 'SYNCYTIUM ARRANGEMENT'?
Where are these located? |
INTEGRATED/UNIFIED CARDIAC CONTRACTION.
*LOCATED WITHIN THE WALLS OF THE HEART |
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What are the 4 'FUNCTIONS' of 'SKELETAL MUSCLES'?
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1. MOVEMENT OF BONES
2. BODY POSTURE 3. FACIAL EXPRESSION 4. BREATHING MOVEMENTS |
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Which type of 'MUSCLE TISSUE' makes up most of the muscles in the body?
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'SKELETAL MUSCLE'
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What is the only 'MUSCLE TISSUE' that is 'MULTINUCLEATED'?
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'SKELETAL MUSCLE'
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What 'MUSCLE TISSUE' does 'NOT' have 'CROSS STRIATIONS'?
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'SMOOTH MUSCLE'
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Under 'MUSCLE TERMINOLOGY' what is a 'MUSCLE CELL' called?
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MUSCLE FIBER
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Under 'MUSCLE TERMINOLOGY' what is the 'PLASMA MEMBRANE' called?
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MUSCLE SARCOLEMMA
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Under 'MUSCLE TERMINOLOGY' what is the 'CYTOPLASM' called?
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MUSCLE SARCOPLASM
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Under 'MUSCLE TERMINOLOGY' what is the 'ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM' called?
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SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM
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A 'MUSCLE FIBER' is broken down into 4 things. What is it broken down into from biggest to smallest?
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MUSCLE FIBER -> (MYOFIB)RILS -> (MYOFIL)AMENTS -> ACTIN/MYOSIN
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A 'MUSCLE FIBER' is defined as what?
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MANY SMALL/ROUND PARALLEL BUNDLES (100s-1000s) CALLED 'MYOFIBRILS'
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What are 'MYOFIBRILS' composed of?
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MYOFILAMANETS
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What are 'MYOFILAMENTS' composed of?
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ACTIN (THIN)
MYOSIN (THICK) |
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What parts of a 'MUSCLE FIBER' contain the 'CONTRACTILE PROTEINS'?
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MYOFILAMENTS
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What are the 'CONTRACTILE PROTEINS' in 'MUSCLE FIBERS' called?
(*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM) |
1. ACTIN
2. MYOSIN |
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What are the 2 'PROTEINS' that are associated with 'ACTIN' called?
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1. TROPONIN
2. TROPOMYOSIN |
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'CONTRACTILE PROTEINS' are arranged into 'COMPARTMENTS'. What are these called?
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SARCOMERES
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A 'SARCOMERE' has both 'dark' and 'light' striations. What are these caused by?
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ARRANGEMENT OF 'ACTIN' AND 'MYOSIN'.
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The 'DARK BANDS' in a 'SARCOMERE' are called what?
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A-BANDS (ANISOTROPIC)
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The 'LIGHT BANDS' in a 'SARCOMERE' are called what?
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I-BANDS (ISOTROPIC)
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TRUE OR FALSE
THE 'I-BAND' CONTAINS 'BOTH' ACTIN/MYOSIN. |
FALSE
I-BAND = ACTIN ONLY |
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TRUE OR FALSE
THE 'A-BAND' CONTAINS 'BOTH' ACTIN/MYOSIN. |
TRUE
A-BAND = ACTIN/MYOSIN |
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The 'LIGHTER CENTRAL REGION' of the 'SARCOMERE' is called what?
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H-ZONE
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What are the 3 'CHARACTERISTICS' of the 'H-ZONE'?
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1. LIGHTER 'CENTRAL' REGION THAT IS CONNECTED TO THE 'A-BAND'
2. CONTAINS ONLY 'MYOSIN' 3. 'NO MYOSIN HEADS' |
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Which 'BANDS' of the 'SARCOMERE' are 'BISECTED' by 'Z-LINES'?
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I-BANDS
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What are the 3 'CHARACTERISTICS' of 'Z-LINES'?
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1. AREA WHERE 'ACTIN' FILAMENTS OF ADJACENET SARCOMERES JOIN
2. 2 SUCCESSIVE 'Z-LINES' DEFINE THE LIMITS OF ONE SARCOMERE 3. DARK IN COLOR |
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TRUE OR FALSE
DURING 'MUSCLE CONTRACTION', ACTIN AND MYOSIN CHANGE IN LENGTH. |
FALSE
ACTIN AND MYOSIN DO 'NOT' CHANGE IN LENGTH ONLY 'SARCOMERE CHANGES IN LENGTH'. |
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What happens to 'ACTIN' and 'MYOSIN' filaments during 'MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS?
(*3 THINGS) |
1. ACTIN PULLED OVER MYOSIN
2. SARCOMERE LENGTH DECREASES 3. ACTIN/MYOSIN MAINTAIN LENGTH |
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Which band/zone has the following 'CHARACTERISTICS':
ACTIN MYOSIN DARK BAND |
A-BAND (ANISOTROPIC)
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Which 'AREAS' of 'MUSCLE CELL' line up?
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DARK AREA & LIGHT AREA
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Which band/zone has the following 'CHARACTERISTICS':
MYOSIN LIGHT BAND |
H-ZONE
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Which band/zone has the following 'CHARACTERISTICS':
ACTIN LIGHT BAND |
I-BAND (ISOTROPIC)
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When 'MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS' occur what type of 'MYOFILAMENT' is created?
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THIN MYOFILAMENT
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What is a 'MOTOR UNIT' composed of?
(*2 THINGS) |
1. SINGLE MOTOR NEURON
2. MUSCLE FIBERS IT INNERVATES |
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Can the muscle fibers in a 'MOTOR UNIT' vary?
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YES
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What types of muscles have very few 'MUSCLE FIBERS PER MOTOR UNIT'?
(APPROXIMATELY HOW MANY MUSCLES FIBERS ARE THERE) |
MUSCLES CONCERNED WITH 'FINE', 'GRADED' AND 'PRECISE MOVEMENT'.
HANDS AND EYES = ~3-6 FIBERS/UNIT |
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What types of muscles 'many' 'MUSCLE FIBERS PER MOTOR UNIT'?
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LARGE MUSCLES OF THE BACK = ~120-500 FIBERS/UNIT
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What is a 'MYONEURAL JUNCTION'?
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AXON OF A 'MOTOR NEURON'
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What are the 'CHARACTERISTICS' of a 'MYONEURAL JUNCTION'?
(*3 THINGS) |
1. LOSES 'MYELIN SHEATH FROM 'MOTOR NEURON'
2. TERMINAL BUTTONS/END-FEET 3. COMPARABLE TO SYNAPTIC CLEFT |
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The 'END-FEET' or 'BUTTONS' of a 'MYONEURAL JUNCTION' contain what?
What 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is released? |
MANY SMALL, CLEAR VESICLES
NEUROTRANSMITTER = ACETYLCHOLINE |
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There are 6 events at a 'MYONEURAL JUNCTION', what are they?
(*SIMILAR TO SYNAPSE) |
1. ACTION POTENTIAL TRIGGERS ENTRY/RELEASE OF 'CALCIUM' INTO THE TERMINAL.
2. 'CALCIUM' TRIGGERS 'ACETYLCHOLINE' RELEASE 3. 'ACETYLCHLINE' DIFFUSES ACROSS SPACE/BINDS WITH RECEPTORS ON MUSCLE 4. 'SODIUM' CHANNELS OPEN GENERATING ACTION POTENTIAL 5. 'IMPULSE' FLOWS THROUGH MUSCLE CELL VIA 'TRANVERSE (T) TUBULE SYSTEM' 6. 'ACETYLCHLINE' BROKEN DOWN BY 'ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE |
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What are the 'DIFFERENCES' between a 'SYNAPSE' and a 'MYONEURAL JUNCTION'?
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1. SYNAPSE = JUNCTION BETWEEN 2 NEURONS
2. MYONEURAL JUNCTION = NEURON AND MUSCLE CELL 3. 1:1 TRANSMISSION OF 'ACTION POTENTIALS' AT A 'MYONEURAL JUNCTION' 4. AT SYNAPSE POSSIBLE 'EPSP' OR 'IPSP' WHICH EFFECT 2nd NEURON 5. 'MYONEURAL JUNCTION' IS 'ALWAYS' EXCITATORY |
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TRUE OR FALSE
A 'MYONEURAL JUNCTION' IS ALWAYS 'EXCITATORY' AND NEVER 'INHIBITORY' |
TRUE
'MYONEURAL JUNCTION' = ALWAYS EXCITATORY (*THERE ARE NO EPSP/IPSP) |
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In a 'MYONEURAL JUNCTION', what triggers the 'exocytosis' or 'release' of 'ACETYLCHOLINE' from the vesicles?
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CALCIUM
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'ACTIN FILAMENTS' are composed of what 3 molecules?
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1. ACTIN
2. TROPOMYOSIN 3. TROPONIN |
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What does 'G-ACTIN' stand for?
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GLOBULAR ACTIN
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What are 'GLOBULAR ACTIN' (G-ACTIN) molecules arranged into?
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FIBROUS ACTIN (F-ACTIN)
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What is 'FIBROUS ACTIN' (F-ACTIN)?
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DOUBLE SPHERICAL CHAINS OF 'G-ACTIN'
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What are the characteristics of 'TROPOMYOSIN'?
(*THERE ARE 3) |
1. LONG, THREAD-LIKE MOLECULES
2. LIE ALONG 'F-ACTIN' STRANDS 3. PHYSICALLY COVER ACTING BINDING SITES (DURING MUSCLE RESTING STATE) |
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How many 'G-ACTIN' subunits does one molecule of 'TROPOMYOSIN' cover?
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7 'G-ACTIN' (GLOBULAR ACTIN) MOLECULES
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What are the 'CHARACTERISTICS' of 'TROPONIN' molecules?
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1. SMALL OVAL-SHAPED MOLECULE
2. ATTACHED TO EACH 'TROPOMYOSIN' 3. INVOLVED IN CALCIUM ION REGULATION |
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What are the 3 subunits of 'TROPONIN'?
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1. TROPONIN-I
2. TROPONIN-T 3. TROPONIN-C |
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What is the function of the 'TROPONIN' subunit 'TROPONIN-I'?
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BINDS TO ACTIN
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What is the function of the 'TROPONIN' subunit 'TROPONIN-T'?
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BINDS TO TROPOMYOSIN
(*HINT - (T) = (T)ROPOMYOSIN BINDING) |
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What is the function of the 'TROPONIN' subunit 'TROPONIN-C'?
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BINDS CALCIUM (INITIATES CONTRACTION)
(*HINT - (C) = (C)ALCIUM BINDING) |
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Is 'ACTIN' thick or thin?
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THIN
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Is 'MYOSIN' thick or thin?
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THICK
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The 'MYOSIN CROSS BRIDGE' has 2 binding sites. What are they?
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1. ACTING BINDING SITE
2. ATPase BINDING SITE |
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'MYOSIN FILAMENTS' (thick myofilaments) are composed of what 2 'COMPONENTS'?
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1. LIGHT 'MEROMYOSIN' (LMM)
2. HEAVY 'MEROMYOSIN' (HMM) |
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What is the characteristic of 'LIGHT MEROMYOSIN' (LMM) filameNts?
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MAKE UP THE 'RODLIKE' BACKBONE OF THE 'MYOSIN' FILAMENTS
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What are the characteristics of 'HEAVY MEROMYOSIN' (HMM) filaments?
(*THERE ARE 2) |
FROM SHORTER GLOBULAR LATERAL 'CROSS BRIDGES' (HEADS)
LINK WITH BINDING SITES ON 'ACTIN MOLECULES' DURING CONTRACTION |
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The 'SEQUENCE OF EVENTS' in 'MUSCLE CONTRACTION' can be summed up in what type of mechanism?
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'SLIDING-FILAMENT' MECHANISM
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The 'CROSS BRIDGES' of 'MYOSIN HEADS' are made of what?
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HEAVY MEROMYOSIN (HMM)
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During 'CONTRACTION' what is pulled over what?
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'ACTIN' PULLED OVER 'MYOSIN'
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Where are 'CALCIUM IONS' released during contraction of a muscle?
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TERMINAL CISTERNAE
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What is unique about the release of 'CALCIUM IONS' in 'MUSCLE CONTRACTION'?
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AROUND 10x MORE THAN IS NEEDED TO INITIATE CONTRACTION IN MUSCLE IS RELEASED
'CALCIUM IONS' COMPLETELY SATURATE THE 'SKELETAL MUSCLE' |
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What molecules do 'CALCIUM IONS' released during 'CONTRACTION' bind to?
What does this cause to happen? |
TROPONIN-C
'CONFORMATION CHANGE' OF 'TROPONIN' AND 'TROPOMYOSIN' MOVES TO ONE SIDE, EXPOSING 'ACTIN' BINDING SITES |
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What do 'MYOSIN CROSS BRIDGES' bind to?
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ACTIN
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When the 'MYOSIN HEAD' tilts due to a 'conformational change'. What is this also called?
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'POWER STROKE' DUE TO 'SARCOMERE SHORTENING'
'ACTIN' FILAMENT PULLED OVER 'MYOSIN' FILAMENT |
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What happens after the 'POWER STROKE' occurs?
(*2 THINGS) |
'ATP' CAN BIND TO HMM (MYOSIN HEAD)
CROSS-BRIDGES DETACH FROM 'ACTIN' BINDING SITES |
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What molecule causes the 'CROSS-BRIDGES' (MYOSIN HEADS) to detach from the 'ACTIN' binding site?
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ATP
(USED TO 'RECOCK' AND 'ENERGIZE' THE MYOSIN HEAD) |
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After a 'POWER STROKE' and after 'ATP' has detached 'MYOSIN HEAD' from 'ACTIN'. If 'CALCIUM IONS' are present in the muscle tissue, what will happen?
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ANOTHER 'POWER STROKE' WILL BE PRODUCED
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TRUE OR FALSE
During a single 'MUSCLE CONTRACTION', the sliding filament process occurs only once. |
FALSE
RATCHET MECHANISM AND SLIDING FILAMENT PROCESS OCCUR 'REPEATEDLY' BETWEEN NUMEROUS BINDING SITES/MYOSIN CROSS BRIDGES DURING A 'SINGLE MUSCLE CONTRACTION' |
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Where is the 'ACTIVE CALCIUM PUMP' located?
What does it do? |
'SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM'
IT CONTINUALLY PUMPS 'CALCIUM IONS' OUT OF 'SARCOPLASM' BACK INTO THE 'TERMINAL CISTERNAE' |
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Without 'CALCIUM IONS' in the 'SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM', what happens?
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NO 'MUSCLE CONTRACTION' CAN OCCUR
MUSCLE IS AT A 'RELAXED STATE' |