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268 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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At rest the heart pumps about ___ of blood
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5L
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Two upper chambers of the heart
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Atria
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Two lower chambers of the heart
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Ventricles
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Heart valves that are located between the atria and the ventricles
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Right AV valve (ticuspid) and left AV valve (Mitral)
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The pulmonary and aortic valves are also called ________
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Semilunar valves
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3 layers of the heart wall
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Endocardium, Myocardium, Epicardium
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A thin layer of endothelium in the heart
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Endocardium
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A muscle layer in the heart
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Myocardium
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A thin external layer in the heart
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Epicardium
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What makes the cardiac conduction system a specialized system
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It acts like nerves, but are muscle cells.
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Located within the posterior wall of the wall of the atrium, the "pacemaker"
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SA node
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Located in the lower right interatrial septum
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AV node
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The impulse is delayed in the _____ for about a tenth of a second to allow the atria to contract before ventricular contraction
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AV node
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Originates in the AV node dividing the two bundle branches
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AV bundle or bundle of HIS
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Originate from the right and left branches, extending to the papillary muscles and lateral walls of the ventricles
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Purkinjie fibers
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Generates and rapidly conducts impulses through the heart
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Nodal tissue
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The way in which to monitor rhythmical atrial and ventricular contractions
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EKG
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Phase of contraction
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Systole
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Phase of relaxation
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Diastole
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The atria and ventricles are relaxed, the tricuspid and mitral valves are open, and the aortic and pulmonary valves are closed.
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Mid-diastole
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65-85% of ventricular filling occurs during this phase
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Mid-diastole
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Atria contract and pump the additional 20-35% of the blood into the ventricles
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Atrial Systole
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The first heart sound
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'lub"
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When the two AV valves close
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Ventricular Systole
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The second heart sound
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"dub"
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When the ventricles begin to relax and pressure drops rapidly
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Early diastole
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Clinical method for measuring blood pressure
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Auscultatory method
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The difference between systolic and diastolic BP
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Pulse Pressure
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The lowest BP without being hypertensive
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140/90
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Caused by a leaky or stenotic (narrow) valves
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Heart murmurs
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A slowed heart rate
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Bradycardia
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An accelerated heart rate
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Tachycardia
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The first wave of the EKG
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P
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The second wave of the EKG
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QRS
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The third wave of the EKG
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T
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Wave of the EKG associated with depolarization of the atria
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P
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Wave of the EKG associated with depolarization of the ventricles
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QRS
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Wave of the EKG caused by the repolarization of the ventricles
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T
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Regulates HR at 72-75 beats/minute
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SA node
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Regulates HR at 50-60 bpm
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AV
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Regulates HR at 30-40 bpm
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Ventricles
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Normal HR
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60-100 bpm
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Factors that increase HR
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Excitement, anger, pain, exercise, etc.
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Factors that decrease HR
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Expiration, grief
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Strength or force of contraction
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Inotropic
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Rate of contraction
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Chronotropic
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Rate of conduction of impulse
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Dromotropic
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Drug used for cardiac failure
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Digitalis
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Caffeine and theophylline are types of ________
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Xanthines
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Epinephrine and NE are types of ________
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Catecholamines
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The greater the filling during diastole, the greater the force of contraction during systole
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Frank Starling's Law of the heart
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The nerves are able to change to ______ and ______ of the heart
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HR and strength of contraction
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Increased rate and force of contraction of the heart up to max stimulation
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Sympathetic control
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Decreases rate and force of contraction of the heart down to minimal stimulation
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Parasympathetic control
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The amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle per beat
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60-80 ml
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During exercise the heart can pump _________ of blood per minute
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25-30 L
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Factors causing increased CO
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Anxiety, eating, exercise, increased body temperature, pregnancy
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CO = ______
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O2 consumption
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AO2 = _______
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190 ml/L of arterial blood
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VO2 = ________
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140 ml/L of venous blood
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Location of 12 leads that can record EKGs
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3 limb, 3 augmented limbs, 6 chest
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Has positive on left arm and negative on right arm
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Lead 1
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Has positive on left foot and negative on right arm
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Lead 2
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Has positive on left foot and negative on left arm
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Lead 3
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3 standard limb leads
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1, 2, 3
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3 augmented limb leads
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aVR, aVL, aVF
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Has positive on right arm and negative on left arm and left leg
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Lead aVR
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Has positive on left arm and negative on right arm and left leg
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Lead aVL
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Has positive on left foot and negative on left arm and right arm
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aVF
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Leads that are mainly negative
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V1, V2, V3
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Leads that are mainly positive
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V4, V5, V6
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Complete block of the heart
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3rd degree
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Lack of blood flow
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Ischemia
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Blood flow =
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Pressure/ Resistance
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Resistance =
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Ln/(r^4)
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The velocity of flow is greater in the center than in the outer edges
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Laminar flow
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3 types of circulation in the body
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Systemic, Pulmonary, Cardiac
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Breakdown of percent of systemic circulation
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79% of blood volume
15% arteries 5% capillaries 59% veins |
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Breakdown of percent of pulmonary circulation
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12% of blood volume
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Breakdown of percent of cardiac circulation
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9% of blood volume depending on cardiac phase
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Blood pressure in the arterioles
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85-30
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Capillaries
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30-10
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Regulate blood flow into a capillary
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Precapillary sphincter
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Mechanisms that regulate blood flow in relation to the local tissues need for oxygen
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Myogenic and Metabolic
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The ability to regulate blood flow in relation to the local tissue need for O2.
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Autoregulation
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Uses albumine in its regulation
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Osmotic force
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OF
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Osmotic Force
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CP
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Capillary Pressure
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The presence of excess interstitial fluid in the tissues.
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Edema
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Pulse Pressure =
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Systolic - Diastolic
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3 main causes of Edema
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Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Decreased plasma proteins (albumin) Increased interstitial fluid protein |
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3 things that can change BP
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cardiac output
peripheral resistance total blood volume |
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Long term regulation of BP is controlled by ________
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hormones
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ADH
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Antidiuretic hormone
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ADH regulates
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water balance
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Water pills __________
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inhibit release of ADH
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Alcohol inhibits release of _______
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ADH
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ADH is produced in the ________ and released from the ____________
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Hypothalamus, Posterior Pituitary
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Glucocorticoids and Estrogens increase ______
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Angiotensinogen
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Angiotensinogen is a ________ that is produces in the ______
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plasma protein, liver
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Hypersecretion of aldosterone from the adrenal gland caused by a tumor
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Conn's Syndrome
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Short term regulation of BP is controlled by the _______
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Nervous System
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The two centers within the medulla
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Cardioinhibitory, Vasomotor
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The vasomotor center controls
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Sympathetic activity
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The cardioinhibitory center controls
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Parasympathetic activity
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Pressure receptors
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Baroreceptors
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Baroreceptors send impulses to which two buffer nerves?
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Vagus and Glossopharyngeal
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Receptors that are stimulated by decrease in O2 and increase in CO2 and H ions
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Chemoreceptors
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Shock that results from decreased blood volume
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Hypovolemic shock
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Shock that results from inadequate blood blood or oxygen flow to tissues
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Circulatory
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Shock that results from a rapid drop in BP usually due to histamines
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Anaphylactic
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Shock resulting from damaged spinal cord and decreased sympathetic activity
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Neurogenic
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Shock resulting from inadequate circulation of blood to the heart due to cardiac failure
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Cardiogenic
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________ causes death by rupturing a vessel in a vital organ or by causing the heart or kidneys to fail
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Hypertension
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______ percent of all deaths are caused by hypertension
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12
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Hypertension where no cause can be determined
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Essential or primary
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Hypertension that is due to clearly definable causes
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Secondary
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The most common consistent symptom of hyertension
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Headache
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Signs of ________ include dizziness, fatigue, blurring of vision, polyuria, muscle weakness, etc.
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Secondary Hypertension
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Hypertension may lead to ________
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congestive heart failure, cerebral blood vessel damage and stroke
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Deglutition
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Swallowing
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Ingests food, receives saliva, initiates digestion of COH, form bolus
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Oral Cavity
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Receives bolus from oral cavity, autonomically continues deglutition of bolus to esophagus
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Pharynx
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Transports bolus to stomach by peristalsis
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Esophagus
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Churns bolus with gastric juice to form chyme; digestion of proteins
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Stomach
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Absorbs nutrients, chemically and mechanically breaks down chyme
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Small intestine
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Absorbs water and electrolytes, forms and stores feces
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Large intestine
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Mastication
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chewing
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Breaks down starch
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Amylase
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Normal daily secretion of saliva
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800-1500 ml
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3 paired glands in the mouth
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Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual
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Gland that is positioned in front of the ear between the skin and masseter
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Parotid
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Gland that is positioned midway along the inner side of the jaw
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Submandibular
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Gland that is in the floor of the mouth
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Sublingual
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Viral disease of the parotid gland
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Mumps
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Cystic tumor of a salivary gland
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Ptyalocele
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Humans have about ________ taste buds
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4000
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Regurgitation of gastric contents in the esophagus.
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Heartburn
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When the lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax
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Achalasia
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Difficult swallowing
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Disphagia
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Secretes mucus to protect the stomach lining
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Mucus cells
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Secrete pepsinogen that turns into pepsin
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Zygomatic cells
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Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor which allows the ilium to absorb B12
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Parietal cells
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Prevents backflow of food from stomach to esophagus
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Cardiac Sphincter
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Well developed, permits passage of chyme and backflow of chyme
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Pyloric Sphincter
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Narrowing of pyloric sphincter which causes projectile vomiting
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Pyloric stenosis
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pH =
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log (1/H)
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pH of gastric juice
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1-2
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pH of urine
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5.7
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pH of saliva
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6.4
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pH of breast milk
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7.0
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pH of blood
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7.4
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pH of pancreatic juice
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7.5-9
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3 types of peptic ulcers
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Gastric, Duodenal, Esophageal
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Caused when the lining of the stomach, esophagus, or duodenum is attack and digested by HCl and pepsin
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Peptic Ulcer
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Blocks H2 receptors and decreases secretion of HCl
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Tagamet
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80% of all peptic ulcers are caused by
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Helicobacter pylori
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Caused by toxic food, gagging, excessive distension of the stomach, intense pain, dizziness, etc.
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Vomiting
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Length of small intestine
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20 feet
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3 divisions of small intestine
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Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
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Enzyme that breaks down proteins
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Peptidase
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Enzyme that breaks down COH
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Carbohydrase
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Enzyme that breaks down fats or lipids
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Lipase
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Absorbs water and elctrolytes
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Small intestine
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Inflammation of intestinal mucosa with bleeding and mucus discharge with the stools
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Dysentery
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Largest gland in the body weighing 3 pounds, secretes bile, stores COH, involved in phagocytosis
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Liver
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A condition in which normal liver epithelium is replaced by connective tissue causing blockage of sinusoids. May be caused by alcohol and malnutrition.
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Cirrhosis
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Inflammation of the liver caused by protozoa, bacteria, or viruses
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Hepatitis
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Yellow coloration of the skin
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Jaundice
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The liver secretes _________ amount of bile each day
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600-1000ml
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The gall bladder stores _____ of bile
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40-70ml
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The reason why the gall bladder only stores a small amount of bile
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It is stored as a more consent rated solution.
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Gall stones are mainly composed of precipitated ________
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cholesterol and bilirubin
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Functions in the secretion of insulin and glucagon into the blood
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Pancreas
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The pancreas releases ______ amount of fluid each day
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1200-1500 ml
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pH of pancreas
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7.1-8.2
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Neutralizes acid
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Bicarbonate
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Trypsinogen is is activated to trypsin by
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Enterokinase
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4 pancreatic juice enzymes
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amylase, lipase, peptidase, bicarbonate
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Hormone released in the stomach during parasympathetic activity
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Gastrin
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Causes increased gastric juice secretion and peristalsis
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Gastrin
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Released when there is a drop in the pH in the duodenum
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Secretin
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Causes the secretion of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate
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Secretin
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Stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice rich in enzymes
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CCK
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Stimulates pancreatic secretion
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ACh
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Stimulates the release of bile to aid in emulsification of lipids
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CCK
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One glucose and one glucose
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Maltose
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One glucose and one fructose
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Sucrose
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One glucose and one galactose
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Lactose
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Breaks down fats to fat globules
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Bile
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Breaks down fat particles to glycerol and 3 fatty acids
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Lipase
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Glycogen to Glucose
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Glycogenolysis
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Glucose to Glycogen
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Glycogenesis
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A process by which two pyruvic acid molecules are converted into two molecules of acetyl CoA
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Pyruvate Decarboxylation
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One molecule of glucose yields _______ ATP
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32
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Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in the _______
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Cytoplasm
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4 main functions of the respiratory system
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gaseous exchange, sound production, assistance in abdominal compression, coughing and sneezing
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Exchange of gases between blood and air
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External Respiration
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Exchange of gases between blood and cells
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Internal Respiration
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Process by which cells use O2 for metabolism and give off CO2 as a wast product
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Cellular Respiration
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Deprivation of O2 in tissues and organs
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Hypoxia
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A temporary absence of respiration that may follow hyperventilation
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Apnea
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A disease characterized by recurrent attacks of dyspnea
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Asthma
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Acute infection and inflammation of the lungs with exudation
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Pneumonia
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Alveolar sacs are formed from many microscopic _________.
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Pulmonary alveoli
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Makes surfactant
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Type II alveolar cells
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Lowers the surface tension inside the alveolus
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Surfactant
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Occurs when the diaphram contracts and the external intercostal muscles contract
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Inspiration
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Occurs when the diaphram relaxes and the internal intercostal muscles contract
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Expiration
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Normal breathing
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Eupnea
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Difficult or labored breathing
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Dyspnea
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Periods of dyspnea followed by periods of apnea (death)
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Cheyne-stokes
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Normal respiration rate
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12-15 times per minute
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Normal O2 consumption at rest
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250 ml/min
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Volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during normal breating
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Tidal Volume (500 ml)
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Max volume beyond TV that can be forcefully exhaled following a normal expiration
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Expiratory Reserve Volume
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Max volume beyond TV that can be forcefully exhaled following a normal inspiration
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume
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The air that remains in the lungs following a forceful expiration
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Residual Volume
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The volume of air moved in normal ventilation in one minute
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Minute Respiratory Volume
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Volume of air that actually ventilates the alveoli
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Alveolar Ventilation Volume
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Air which fills the air passageways
|
Dead Air (30%)
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TV + ERV + IRV + RV =
|
TLV (Total Lung Capacity)
|
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The total amount of air that can be exchanged by the lungs
|
Vital Capacity
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Layers of the respiratory membrane
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surfactant, thin layer of fluid, alveolar epithelium, interstitial space, basement membrane, endothelium
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|
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Disease, mostly in infants, that are associated with defect in surfactant
|
Respiratory distress syndrome
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|
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4 factors affecting gaseous diffusion across the respiratory membrane
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Thickness of membrane, surface area of membrane, diffusion coefficient of gas, pressure difference across the membrane
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|
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Normal alveolar O2 and CO2 pressures
|
104, 40
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Normal capillary O2 and CO2 pressures
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40, 45
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Associated atmospheric percentages of N2, O2, CO2, H2O
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78.6, 20.8, 0.04, 0.5
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Associated percentages in expired air of O2, CO2, H2O
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15.7, 3.6, 6.2
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|
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Amount of O2 transported in the blood
|
1-3 %
|
|
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Amount of O2 transported via Hb
|
97-99%
|
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1 g of Hb carries about ____ of O2
|
1.34 ml
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There are _______ g of Hb per 100 ml of blood
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15 g
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Venous blood is ___ % saturate with O2 during rest and ___ % saturated with O2 during exercise
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75, 25
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Tissues are ____ % saturated with O2
|
40
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Factors affected the Hb Dissociation Curve
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pH, PCO2, Temperature, 2,3-DPG
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|
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3 major ways CO2 is transported
|
dissolved in blood, carried by Hb, as bicarbonate
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|
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The neural control of respiration is controlled by _______
|
Medullary repiratory center (dorsal and ventral)
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Serves as the major rhythm regulators of respiration
|
Dorsal respiratory group
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Sends impulses to dorsal neurons
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Pneumotaxic
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Center that prevents inspiratory neurons from being switched off
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Apneustic
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Triggered to prevent overinflation of the lungs
|
Herring-Breuer reflex
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|
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Components that aid in chemical control of respiration
|
PO2, PCO2, H+
|
|
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Chemical component that aid in respiration and functions in a similar manner that controls short term HR and BP
|
Peripheral
|
|
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A sudden loss of kidney function, usually associated with shock or intense renal vasoconstriction
|
Acute renal failure
|
|
|
Inflammation of the urinary bladder
|
Cystitis
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|
|
Blood in the urine
|
Hematuria
|
|
|
A method of clearing waste products from the blood in which blood passes by the semipermeable membrane of the artificial kidney and waste products are removed by diffusion
|
Hemodialysis
|
|
|
Night urination
|
Nocturia
|
|
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Condition of having urinary volumes of less than 500 ml/day
|
Oliguria
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|
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Excessive urine output
|
Polyuria
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|
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Retention of urinary constituents in the blood, owing to kidney dysfunction
|
Uremia
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|
|
The functional unit of the kidney
|
Nephron
|
|
|
Contains a network of about 50 capillaries in the kidney that are about 100-1000 times more permeable that typical capillaries
|
Glomerulus
|
|
|
Contains microvilli in the kidneys
|
Proximal convoluted tubule
|
|
|
Portion of blood plasma that enters the caspule
|
Glomerular Filtrate
|
|
|
Formula for GFR
|
(UV)(Inulin in Urine)/ (Inulin in plasma)
|
|
|
Average GFR
|
120 ml/min
|
|
|
Approximately ___ % of the filtrate is reabsorbed from the renal tubules
|
99
|
|
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Percent of tubular reabsorption under ADH control
|
13
|
|
|
Transport of substances in tubular reabsorption is known as
|
trans-epithelial transport
|
|
|
Regulates the reabsorption of Na+ in the distal and collecting duct
|
Aldosterone
|
|
|
Under normal conditions ___ % of COH is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule
|
100
|
|
|
The concentration of transported molecules needed to saturate the carriers and thus achieve maximal transport rate is called the
|
Transport Maximum
|
|
|
Transport maximum for COH
|
375 mg/min
|
|
|
During acidosis the ratio of CO2 to HCO3- is _____
|
increased
|
|
|
During alkalosis the ratio of CO2 to HCO3- _____ as the pH rises
|
decreases
|
