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171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
OF THE '109 ELEMENTS', HOW MANY ARE FOUND IN 'HUMAN TISSUES'?
|
26 ELEMENTS IN 'HUMAN TISSUES'
|
|
99% OF THE MASS OF THE BODY IS COMPOSED OF WHAT SIX ELEMENTS?
WHAT ARE THEIR PERCENTAGES? |
OXYGEN - 65%
CARBON - 18.6% HYDROGEN - 9.6% NITROGEN - 3.2% PHOSPHORUS - 1% |
|
CERTAIN STRUCTURES MAY CONTAIN MORE ELEMENTS THAN OTHERS IN THE BODY. WHAT ARE TWO EXAMPLES OF THIS?
|
1. TEETH/BONE = CALCIUM
2. THYROID GLAND = IODINE |
|
WHAT IS THE 'SMALLEST' PORTION OF AN ELEMENT THAT STILL RETAINS CHARACTERISTICS OF THAT ELEMENT?
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ATOM
|
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ATOMS ARE MADE FROM WHAT 3 BASIC CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS?
|
1. PROTONS
2. NEUTRONS 3. ELECTRONS |
|
THE 'NUCLEUS' OF AN ATOM CONTAINS WHAT TWO THINGS?
|
1. PROTONS
2. NEUTRONS |
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WHAT IS SAID TO 'ORBIT' THE 'NUCLEUS' OF AN ATOM?
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ELECTRONS
|
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WHAT KIND OF 'CHARGE' DO 'ELECTRONS' HAVE?
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NEGATIVE
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WHAT KIND OF 'CHARGE' DO 'PROTONS' HAVE?
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POSITIVE
|
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WHAT KIND OF 'CHARGE' DO 'NEUTRONS' HAVE?
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NONE
(*HINT - NEUTR-AL) |
|
TRUE OR FALSE
ELECTRONS HAVE A VERY 'LARGE' MASS. |
FALSE
ELECTRONS HAVE A VERY 'SMALL' MASS |
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THE NUMBER OF 'PROTONS' IN AN ATOM IS CALLED WHAT?
|
'THE ATOMIC NUMBER'
|
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HOW DO ELEMENTS DIFFERENTIATE THEMSELVES?
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DIFFERENT NUMBER OF 'PROTONS'
|
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TRUE OR FALSE
ALL ATOMS THAT HAVE 6 PROTONS ARE 'CARBON' ATOMS. |
TRUE
PROTONS CHARACTERIZE AN ATOM |
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THE 'CHEMICAL PROPERTIES' OF AN ATOM ARE DEPENDENT ON WHAT?
|
ELECTRONS IN THE 'OUTER' ORBIT
|
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AN ELEMENT IS CONSIDERED TO BE 'STABLE' IF WHAT HAPPENS?
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THE 'OUTER-SHELL' IS FILLED WITH ELECTRONS
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ATOMS CONTAIN 'ORBITALS'. THESE 'ORBITALS' CAN BE COMPARED TO AN 'ONION'. HOW DOES THIS COMPARISON WORK?
|
ONIONS HAVE LAYERS
ATOMS HAVE LAYERS/ORBITALS THESE ORBITALS CAN ONLY BE FILLED WITH A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF ELECTRONS. |
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HOW MANY 'ELECTRONS' CAN BE HELD IN THE 'S' ORBITAL?
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2 ELECTRONS
|
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HOW MANY 'ELECTRONS' CAN BE HELD IN THE 'P' ORBITAL?
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6 ELECTRONS
|
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HOW MANY ELECTRONS CAN BE HELD IN THE 'D' ORBITAL?
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10 ELECTRONS
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THE 'SMALLEST' PART OF AN ELEMENT/COMPOUND THAT CAN EXIST ALONE OR IN A 'FREE STATE' IS KNOWN AS WHAT?
|
A MOLECULE
(O2 = MOLECULE OF OXYGEN) |
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THE 'SMALLEST PART' OF AN ELEMENT THAT CAN ENTER INTO A CHEMICAL REACTION IS KNOWN AS WHAT?
|
AN ATOM
(O = ATOM OF OXYGEN) |
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WHAT IS 'MOLECULAR WEIGHT' DEFINED AS?
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SUM OF ALL THE 'ATOMIC WEIGHTS' OF EACH COMPONENT OF THE MOLECULE.
|
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WHAT IS 'COVALENT BONDING'?
|
SHARING OF ELECTRONS CREATES BOND
(*CS = COVALENT SHARING) |
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WHAT IS 'IONIC BONDING'?
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TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS CREATES BOND
(*IT = IONIC TRANSFERS) |
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WHAT IS RELEASED FROM THE 'OXIDATION' (LOSS OF ELECTRONS) IN CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, AND PROTEINS?
(*2 THINGS) |
1. HEAT
2. ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) |
|
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN AN 'IONIC' BONDED MOLECULE IS PLACED IN WATER?
WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT IN THE HUMAN BODY? |
'IONIC' BOND IS BROKEN IN WATER TO FORM IONS.
IMPORTANT IN 'HUMAN BODY' FOR BIOELECTRICAL EVENTS. |
|
THE 'MAKING/BREAKING' OF BONDS IS CATALYZED BY WHAT?
WHERE IS THIS REGULATED? |
ENZYMATIC ACTION
HIGHLY REGULATED BY THE CELL |
|
ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTION BETWEEN A 'SMALL', HIGHLY ELECTRONEGATIVE ATOM AND A HYDROGEN ATOM IS CALLED WHAT?
|
HYDROGEN BONDING
|
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COMPOUNDS CONTAINING 'CARBON' ARE KNOWN AS THIS TYPE OF COMPOUND.
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
|
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WHAT PERCENTAGE OF LIVING MATERIAL IS COMPOSED OF WATER?
|
60-90%
|
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THIS MOLECULE CONTAINS 'CARBON' AND IS IMPORTANT IN THE HUMAN BODY BUT IS 'NOT' CONSIDERED ORGANIC. WHAT IS THE MOLECULE?
|
CO2 (CARBON DIOXIDE)
CONSIDERED TO BE 'INORGANIC' |
|
WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF 'CARBON'?
(*THERE ARE 5 OF THEM) |
1. 4 ELECTRONS IN OUTER SHELL
2. MAKES FOUR COVALENT BONDS 3. PRESENT IN MANY COMPOUNDS 4. ONLY 'H' IS FOUND MORE OFTEN 5. BONDS TO MANY ELEMENTS (MOST COMMONLY BONDED TO (H,O,N AND MORE C) *HONC |
|
IN THE 'HUMAN BODY' THERE ARE 4 MAJOR CLASSES OF 'ORGANIC COMPOUNDS'. WHAT ARE THEY?
|
1. NUCLEIC ACIDS
2. PROTEINS 3. CARBOHYDRATES 4. LIPIDS |
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WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF 'NUCLEIC ACIDS'?
(*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM) |
1. STORAGE OF GENETIC CODE
2. TRANSMISSION OF GENETIC CODE 3. EXPRESSION OF GENETIC CODE |
|
WHAT ARE 2 EXAMPLES OF 'NUCLEIC ACIDS'?
|
1. DNA
2. RNA |
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WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF 'PROTEINS'?
(*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM) |
1. CELLULAR STRUCTURE
2. PROMOTE/REGULATE BODY ACTIVITIES |
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WHAT ARE 5 EXAMPLES OF 'PROTEINS' IN THE HUMAN BODY?
|
1. NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS
2. MACROMOLECULES 3. FIBERS 4. ENZYMES 5. HORMONES |
|
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF 'CARBOHYDRATES'?
(*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM) |
1. CELLULAR FUEL
2. STORAGE OF ENERGY 3. COMPONENT OF OTHER SUBSTANCES (NUCLEIC ACIDS/MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES) |
|
WHAT ARE 2 EXAMPLES OF 'CARBOHYDRATES'?
|
1. STARCHES
2. SUGARS |
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WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF 'LIPIDS'?
(*THERE ARE 5 OF THEM) |
1. STORAGE OF ENERGY
2. INSULATION 3. STRUCTURAL SUPPORT 4. COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBRANES 5. PROMOTE BODY ACTIVITIES |
|
WHAT ARE 3 EXAMPLES OF 'LIPIDS'?
|
1. NEUTRAL FATS
2. PHOSPHOLIPIDS 3. STEROIDS |
|
A MOLECULE COMPOSED OF 'NUCLEOTIDES', A 'NITROGEN-BASE', AND A 'PHOSPHATE GROUP' IS CONSIDERED TO BE WHAT?
|
NUCLEIC ACID
|
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NUCLEIC ACIDS ARE COMPOSED OF WHAT 3 THINGS?
|
1. NUCLEOTIDES
2. NITROGEN-CONTAINING BASE 3. PHOSPHATE |
|
THESE LINKAGES ARE WHAT CREATE A CHAIN OF NUCLEOTIDES.
|
PHOSPHODIESTER LINKAGES
|
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WHAT ARE THE 5 ELEMENTS THAT COMPOSE A 'NUCLEOTIDE'?
|
1. CARBON
2. HYDROGEN 3. OXYGEN 4. NITROGEN 5. PHOSPHORUS |
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WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPE OF 'NUCLEOTIDE' RING COMPOUNDS?
|
1. PURINES
2. PYRIMIDINES |
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WHAT STRUCTURES ARE CONSIDERED TO BE 'PURINE'?
|
1. GUANINE
2. ADENINE (*HINT - (G)ENERAL (A)UTHORITIES ARE PURE) |
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WHAT STRUCTURES ARE CONSIDERED TO BE 'PYRIMIDINE'?
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1. CYTOSINE
2. THYMINE 3. URACIL (*HINT - CTU FROM 24) |
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WHAT STRUCTURE ARE NUCLEIC ACIDS OF 'DNA' ORGANIZED INTO?
|
DOUBLE HELIX
|
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THE BACKBONE OF 'DNA' IS COMPOSED OF 2 THINGS. WHAT ARE THE 2 THINGS?
|
1. SUGAR
2. PHOSPHATE GROUP |
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IN 'DNA' BASE PAIRING. HOW ARE MOLECULES CONNECTED?
|
C-G (CYTOSINE to GUANINE)
A-T (ADENINE to THYMINE) |
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WHAT DOES 'URACIL' TAKE THE PLACE OF IN 'RNA'?
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THYMINE (LEFT OUT)
URACIL (TAKES PLACE) |
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THESE SERVE AS THE 'BLUEPRINTS' OF THE CELL.
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NUCLEIC ACIDS
|
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IN 'RNA' URACIL BINDS WITH WHAT MOLECULE?
|
URACIL + ADENINE
|
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HOW MANY TYPES OF DNA ARE THERE?
TYPES OF RNA? |
1. DNA = ONE TYPE
2. RNA = mRNA / tRNA / rRNA |
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF 'mRNA'?
|
'MESSENGER RNA' ACTS AS:
'TEMPLATE PROTEIN' FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS |
|
WHERE IS 'mRNA' (MESSENGER RNA) TRANSCRIBED?
|
IN THE NUCLEUS
|
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WHAT DOES 'CAPPING' OF THE 5-METHYL-GUANOSINE CAP DO FOR mRNA?
(*TWO THINGS) |
1. HELPS THE 'RIBOSOME' BIND TO THE mRNA
2. FACILITATES PROTEIN SYNTHESIS |
|
WHAT DOES ADDING A LONG 'POLYADENELATED TAIL' (POLY-A TAIL) DO FOR mRNA?
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HELPS PROTECT THE STRAND OF mRNA FROM 'DIGESTIVE ENZYMES' WHILE IT IS IN THE 'CYTOPLASM'.
|
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WHAT 2 THINGS DO MESSENGER RNA HAVE 'mRNA' THAT HELP IT DURING TRANSCRIPTION?
|
1. 5-METHYL-GUANOSINE CAP (BINDING)
2. POLYADENELATED TAIL (DIGESTION) |
|
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF 'tRNA'?
(*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM) |
1. CARRIES AMINO ACIDS (CYTOPLASM TO RIBISOMES)
2. ACTS AS TRANSLATION MOLECULE |
|
WHICH 'RNA' RECOGNIZES THE SEQUENCE OF 'mRNA'?
HOW DOES THIS WORK? |
TRANSFER RNA (tRNA)
WORKS VIA 'ANTICODON' THAT IS 3 NUCLEOTIDES LONG. |
|
WHAT IS THE MAIN CHARACTERISTIC OF 'tRNA'?
|
'TRANSLATION'
NUCLEOTIDE -> AMINO/ACID PROTEIN (LANGUAGE) (LANGUAGE) |
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF 'rRNA'?
|
FORMS PART OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE 'RIBOSOMES'
(HELPS BUILD RIBOSOMES) |
|
WHERE IS 'rRNA' (RIBOSOMAL RNA) MADE?
|
MADE IN 'NUCLEO-LUS'
|
|
A 'RIBOSOME' CONSISTS OF 2 THINGS. WHAT ARE THE PERCENTAGES?
|
1. rRNA = 60%
2. PROTEIN = 40% |
|
TRUE OR FALSE
ENZYMES REGULATE 'ALL' CHEMICAL REACTIONS |
TRUE
ENZYMES REGULATE 'ALL' CHEMICAL REACTIONS |
|
WHAT IS THE 'FLOW' DURING 'PROTEIN SYNTHESIS'?
|
DNA NUCLEUS -> mRNA = 'TRANSCRIPTION'
mRNA -> PROTEIN (RIBOSOME) = 'TRANSLATION' (*HAVE TO 'TRANSCRIBE' SOMETHING BEFORE YOU CAN 'TRANSLATE' IT) |
|
WHAT OCCURS FIRST IN 'PROTEIN SYNTHESIS'?
'TRANSLATION' OR 'TRANSCRIPTION'? |
'TRANSCRIPTION' = 1st
(*HAVE TO 'TRANSCRIBE' SOMETHING BEFORE YOU CAN 'TRANSLATE' IT) |
|
'PROTEIN SYNTHESIS' DEPENDS ON 4 MAJOR MOLECULES. WHAT ARE THE MOLECULES?
|
1. DNA
2. mRNA 3. tRNA 4. rRNA |
|
'TRANSCRIPTION' IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IS DEFINED AS WHAT?
|
PROCESS IN WHICH GENETIC INFORMATION FROM 'DNA' IS TRANSFERRED INTO 'RNA' IN THE 'NUCLEUS'
|
|
WHEN 'RNA' IS MODIFIED AND UNNECESSARY INFORMATION IS REMOVED. WHAT IS THE 'NEW' MOLECULE CALLED?
|
'mRNA' (MESSENGER RNA)
|
|
Where is mRNA transported to?
|
CYTOPLASM
|
|
How is 'mRNA' translated?
|
VIA 'RIBOSOMES' and 'tRNA' WHICH MAKES A 'FUNCTIONAL PROTEIN'
|
|
What determines the function of a 'PROTEIN'?
|
'SHAPE' determines 'FUNCTION'
|
|
What are the 3 enzymes involved in 'DNA' 'TRANSCRIPTION'?
|
1. HELICASE (UNZIPS DNA)
2. TOPOISOMERASE (KEEPS DNA UNCOILED) 3. SINGLE STRANDED BINDING PROTEINS (SSBP'S) (KEEPS DNA UNCOILED) |
|
The strand of 'DNA' that is used as the template is known was what?
|
TEMPLATE / ANTISENSE STRAND
|
|
The strand of 'DNA' that is 'NOT' used for transcription is called what?
|
SENSE STRAND
|
|
How does 'RNA POLYMERASE' bind?
|
3' -> 5'
READS DNA STRAND ONE NUCLEOTIDE AT A TIME |
|
How does 'RNA' cause 'RNA' to be different from 'DNA'?
|
ADDS 'URACIL' NUCLEOTIDE INSTEAD OF A 'THYMINE'.
|
|
AFTER TRANSCRIPTION, WHERE DOES THE NEW 'mRNA' MOLECULE 'LEAVE' AND WHERE DOES IT 'ENTER'?
|
LEAVES 'NUCLEUS'
ENTERS CYTOPLASM TO BE 'TRANSLATED' |
|
BY CONVENTION, HOW ARE 'NUCLEOTIDES' WRITTEN?
|
5' -> 3' DIRECTION (RNA)
3' -> 5' DIRECTION (DNA) |
|
HOW MANY 'AMINO ACIDS' ARE FOUND ON THE 'HUMAN BODY'?
|
20 AMINO ACIDS
|
|
WHAT DOES A 'CODON' CONSIST OF?
|
3 NUCLEOTIDES
|
|
EACH CODON (SET OF 3 NUCLEOTIDES) REFERS TO WHAT?
|
A SPECIFIC AMINO ACID
|
|
WHAT IS THE 'INITIATOR' OR 'START' CODON?
|
AUG
'ADENINE-URACIL-GUANINE' |
|
WHAT DOES THE 'tRNA' MOLECULE DO?
|
'TRANSLATION MOLECULE'
NUCLEOTIDE LANGUAGE -> AMINO ACID LANGUAGE |
|
WHAT IS 'mRNA' BOUND TO IN THE 'CYTOPLASM'?
|
RIBOSOMES
|
|
A LARGE NUMBER OF CONNECTED 'AMINO ACIDS' IS ALSO CALLED WHAT?
|
POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN
|
|
Long chains of 'AMINO ACIDS' are also referred to as what?
|
PROTEINS
|
|
The 'WHOLE' character of the 'PROTEIN' is determined by what?
|
ORDER OF THE 'AMINO ACIDS'
|
|
HOW ARE 'AMINO ACIDS' BOUND TOGETHER IN LONG CHAINS?
HOW DOES THIS HAPPEN? |
'PEPTIDE BONDS'
HAPPENS VIA 'DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS' |
|
'PROTEINS' can differ from each other in 3 ways. What are the 3 ways?
|
1. NUMBER OF AMINO ACIDS
2. SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACIDS 3. TYPE OF AMINO ACIDS |
|
WHAT MOLECULES ARE SAID TO HAVE A 'WIDER VARIETY' OF FUNCTIONS THAN ANY OTHER TYPE OF MOLECULE IN THE BODY?
|
'PROTEINS'
|
|
MOST 'ENZYMES' ARE ALSO CONSIDERED TO BE WHAT?
|
'PROTEINS'
|
|
What are the 8 more common functions of 'PROTEINS'?
|
1. FORM ENZYMES
2. FORM MOST HORMONES 3. COMPRISE 'ALL' ANTIBODIES 4. SERVE AS RECEPTOR SITES 5. CARRIER MOLECULES IN ACTIVE TRANSPORT 6. REGULATE CONCENTRATION OF OSMOTIC SOLUTIONS 7. PROVIDE TENSILE STRENGTH 8. IMPORTANT BUFFER SYSTEM |
|
TRUE OR FALSE
PROTEINS CANNOT BE METABOLIZED TO SUPPLY CELLULAR ENERGY |
FALSE
PROTEINS 'CAN' SUPPLY CELLULAR ENERGY (*HAPPENS VIA 'MUSCLE CATABOLISM' UNDER CERTAIN STRENUOUS CONDITIONS) |
|
What are 'CHROMOSOMES' defined as?
(*THERE ARE 2 OF POINTS) |
1. COMPOSED OF 'DNA'
2. CARRY HEREDITARY INFORMATION (MANY GENES PUT TOGETHER) |
|
What are 'CHROMATIDS' defined as?
(*THERE ARE 2 POINTS) |
1. COPY OF 'CHROMOSOME'
2. JOINED BY A 'CENTROMERE' TO ANOTHER 'CHROMATID' |
|
What are the characteristics of a 'GENE'?
(*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM) |
1. REGION OF 'DNA' THAT CODES FOR SPECIFIC 'PROTEIN' OR 'RNA'
2. RESPONSIBLE FOR EXPRESSION OF TRAITS 3. RESPONSIBLE FOR SYNTHESIS OF 'PROTEIN MOLECULES' |
|
What are the characteristics of an 'ALLELE'?
(*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM) |
1. ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF THE SAME 'GENE'
2. DIPLOID CELLS HAVE 2 OF THESE (ALLELES) |
|
What are the characteristics of a 'DIPLOID' cells?
|
CELLS THAT CONTAINS TWO SETS OF HOMOLOGOUS (SAME) CHROMOSOMES
|
|
What are 'DIPLOID' cells also referred to as?
|
AUTOSOMES
|
|
What are the characteristics of 'HAPLOID' cells?
|
CELLS THAT CONTAIN 'HALF' THE NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES
|
|
These types of cells are considered to be the 'GAMETES' and 'OVA' in the human body.
|
'HAPLOID CELLS'
|
|
What are 'HAPLOID' cells also referred to as?
|
SEX CHROMOSOMES
|
|
TRUE OR FALSE
MOST CELLS ARE NORMALLY 'HAPLOID' |
FALSE
MOST CELLS ARE NORMALLY 'DIPLOID' (DIPLOID CELLS HAVE 2 SETS OR A 'PAIR' OF CHROMOSOMES) i.e., 23 PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES IN THE HUMAN BODY (1 PAIR = SEX CHROMOSOMES) |
|
These are responsible for the passing of 'GENETIC MATERIAL' from one cell to another.
When does this happen? |
CHROMOSOMES
DURING 'DNA' REPLICATION |
|
What in a 'CHROMOSOME' is responsible for 'PROTEIN SYNTHESIS'?
|
DNA
|
|
Tightly packed molecules of 'DNA' that are very organized are also called what?
|
CHROMOSOMES
|
|
THESE PROTEINS WRAP AROUND VERY LONG STRANDS OF 'DNA'.
|
HISTONES
|
|
A CHROMOSOME CONSISTS OF 2 ________ JOINED TOGETHER BY A ________.
|
1. CHROMATIDS
2. CENTROMERE |
|
How many strands of 'DNA' are there per 'CHROMATID'?
|
ONLY ONE
|
|
These will always correspond to 'GENES' in the same position on 'HOMOLOGOUS' chromosomes.
|
ALLELES
|
|
HUMANS HAVE __ PAIR(S) OF HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES.
WHAT ARE THEY ALSO REFERRED TO AS? |
22 PAIRS = HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
ALSO CALLED 'AUTOSOMES' DIPLOID IN NUMBER (2N) |
|
THERE IS/ARE __ PAIR(S) OF SEX CHROMOSOMES.
WHAT ARE THEY CONSIDERED TO BE? |
1 PAIR OF SEX CHROMOSOMES
HAPLOID IN NUMBER (1N) (*GAMETES = SPERM AND OVA) |
|
What is 'INHERITANCE' defined as?
|
PASSAGE OF GENETIC INFORMATION FROM ONE GENERATION TO ANOTHER.
EGG (1N) + SPERM (1N) = ZYGOTE (2N) |
|
SIMILAR GENETIC INFORMATION (BLOOD TYPE, HEIGHT, ETC) IS CONTAINED IN WHAT?
|
EACH PAIR OF 'HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES'
*DIPLOID (2N) |
|
When someone has homologous chromosomes with the 'SAME' alleles (i.e., both have curly hair genes). The person is said to be what?
|
HOMOZYGOUS
|
|
When someone has chromosomes with the 'DIFFERENT' alleles (i.e., curly hair/straight hair genes). The person is said to be what?
|
HETEROZYGOUS
|
|
THE SET OF OBSERVABLE (PHYSICAL) TRAITS OF AN 'ORGANISM' ARE CALLED WHAT?
|
PHENOTYPE
(*HINT - P=PHYSICAL) |
|
When 'ALLELES' are heterozygous. Which one is 'expressed'?
|
DOMINANT ALLELE IS EXPRESSED
|
|
How does 'DOWN'S SYNDROME' occur?
What is it also called? |
EXTRA CHROMOSOME '21'
ALSO CALLED: * TRISOMY-21 * MONGOLISM |
|
HOW IS 'DOWN'S SYNDROME' CHARACTERIZED?
(*THERE ARE 5 OF THEM) |
1. EXTRA CHROMOSOME '21'
2. MENTAL RETARDATION 3. SMALL SKULL 4. SHORT FLAT NOSE 5. SHORT FINGERS |
|
What are the 5 principal function of 'CARBOHYDRATES' on the body?
|
1. MAJOR SOURCE OF FUEL (ATP)
2. CELLULAR STRUCTURE 3. STRUCTURE OF DNA/RNA 4. CONVERTED TO NON-CARBOHYDRATES 5. CONVERTED INTO A STORAGE FORM (i.e., GLYOCOGEN). READILY AVAILABLE FOR CONVERSION TO 'GLUCOSE' |
|
'CARBOHYDRATES' ARE DEFINED AS MOLECULES THAT CONTAIN ONLY WHAT 3 ELEMENTS?
|
1. CARBON
2. HYDROGEN 3. OXYGEN |
|
'MONOSACCHARIDES' are also known as what?
Why are they called this? |
'SIMPLE SUGARS'
THEY ARE THE 'MOST SIMPLE' OF ALL SUGARS |
|
HOW MANY CARBONS ARE IN A 'SIMPLE SUGAR' (MONOSACCHARIDE)?
|
6 CARBONS
|
|
'MONOSACCHARIDES' may exist with the same molecule formula (C6H12O6) but differ in structure. What are these called?
|
ISOMERS
|
|
What are the 3 different 'MONOSACCHARIDE' isomers that exist for (C6H12O6) aka 'HEXOSE'?
|
1. GLUCOSE
2. FRUCTOSE 3. GALACTOSE |
|
Two 'MONOSACCHARIDES' that are hooked together form what?
|
'DISACCHARIDE'
|
|
What kind of sugar is 'MALTOSE'?
What molecules is it made of? |
'DISACCHARIDE'
MADE FROM TWO 'GLUCOSE' MOLECULES |
|
Two 'MONOSACCHARIDES' that hook together to form a 'DISACCHARIDE' do so through what process?
|
DEHYDRATION
(REMOVAL OF ONE WATER MOLECULE FROM THE TWO 'MONOSACCHARIDES') |
|
What is the 'BOND' that forms after dehydration between 2 'MONOSACCHARIDES' has taken place called?
|
GLYCOSIDIC BOND
|
|
What kind of sugar is 'SUCROSE'?
What molecules is it made of? |
'DISACCHARIDE'
'GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE' |
|
What kind of sugar is 'LACTOSE'?
What molecules is it made of? |
'DISACCHARIDE'
'GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE' |
|
The 'CHEMICAL' reaction where a molecule is broken down from water is called what?
|
HYDROLYSIS
|
|
The process of making 2 'MONOSACCHARIDES' from a 'DISACCHARIDE' is called what?
|
HYDROLYSIS
|
|
The process of making a 'DISACCHARIDE' from 2 'MONOSACCHARIDES' is called what?
|
DEHYDRATION
|
|
Complex 'CARBOHYDRATES' composed of many simple sugars bonded together in long chains are also called what?
|
POLYSACCHARIDES
|
|
WHAT ARE THE TWO MOST COMMON 'POLYSACCHARIDES'?
|
1. STARCH
2. GLYCOGEN |
|
WHICH 'POLYSACCHARIDE' IS FORMED FROM 'STRAIGHT' CHAINS?
|
STARCH
|
|
WHICH 'POLYSACCHARIDE' IS FORMED FROM 'BRANCHED' CHAINS?
|
GLYCOGEN
|
|
What is the common term for 'LIPIDS'?
|
FATS
|
|
'LIPIDS' contain mainly what 3 elements?
|
1. CARBON
2. OXYGEN 3. HYDROGEN (JUST LIKE CARBOHYDRATES) |
|
TRUE OR FALSE
'LIPIDS' CONTAIN MORE OXYGEN THAN 'CARBOHYDRATES' |
FALSE
'LIPIDS' CONTAIN MUCH LESS OXYGEN THAN CARBOHYDRATES |
|
TRUE OR FALSE
'LIPIDS' ARE INSOLUBLE IN WATER |
TRUE
LIPIDS 'ARE' INSOLUBLE IN WATER |
|
'LIPIDS' are separated into what 2 things?
|
1. FATTY ACIDS
2. GLYCEROL |
|
How many 'FATTY ACIDS' are there in a 'LIPID'?
|
3 FATTY ACIDS
|
|
What are the 'FATTY ACIDS' in a 'LIPID' attached to?
|
GLYCEROL
|
|
What are the characteristics of 'SATURATED' fats?
(*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM) |
1. MORE HYDROGEN
2. 'NO' DOUBLE BONDS 3. MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HYDROGENS (SATURATED WITH THEM) |
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What are the characteristics of 'UNSATURATED' fats?
(*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM) |
1. LESS HYDROGEN
2. DOUBLE BONDED CARBONS |
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What is an example of an 'UNSATURATED' fat?
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CANOLA OIL
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What is an example of a 'SATURATED' fat?
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SHORTENING
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WHICH FATS ARE 'LIQUID' AT ROOM TEMPERATURE?
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UNSATURATED
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WHICH FATS ARE 'SOLID' AT ROOM TEMPERATURE?
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SATURATED
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What are 3 examples of 'SATURATED' fatty acids?
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1. BUTYRIC
2. PLAMITIC 3. STEARIC |
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What are 3 examples of 'UNSATURATED' fatty acids?
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1. OLEIC
2. LINOLEIC 3. LINOLENIC |
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FATTY ACIDS MAY HAVE ANOTHER COMPOUND ATTACHED TO IT.
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN 'PHOSPHORIC ACID' IS ATTACHED? |
A 'PHOSPHOLIPID' IS MADE
*PRIMARY COMPONENT OF PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER |
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What are the 7 principal functions of 'LIPIDS' in the body?
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1. FORM CELLULAR STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
2. TRANSPORT LIPID-SOLUBLE SUBSTANCES 3. PROVIDE CELLULAR ENERGY 4. STORE ENERGY IN ADIPOSE TISSUE 5. PROTECT, CUSHION AND INSULATE BODY ORGANS 6. FORM TYPE OF HORMONE (STEROIDS THAT REGULATE SEXUAL FUNCTION) 7. ELECTRICAL INSULATION IN NERVE FIBERS |
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The second most 'common' element in the human body is:
1. CARBON 2. NITROGEN 3. OXYGEN 4. HYDROGEN |
1. CARBON
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Ionic bonding results from:
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THE COMPLETE TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS
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The molecular formula of 'glucose' is:
1. C6-H6-O6 2. C12-H6-O6 3. C12-H6-O6 4. C6-H12-O6 |
4. C6-H12-O6
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Which of the following is an isomer of 'glucose':
1. FRUCTOSE 2. MALTOSE 3. STARCH 4. GLYCOGEN |
1. FRUCTOSE
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TRUE OR FALSE
'SATURATED FATS' are solid at room temperature |
TRUE
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The structure formula for 'butyric acid' is:
1. CH3-(CH2)14-COOH 2. CH3-(CH2)16-COOH 3. CH3-(CH2)2-COOH 4. CH3-(CH2)7-CH=CH-(CH2)7-COOH |
3. CH3-(CH2)2-COOH
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Amino acids are held together by what kind of bonds?
1. PEPTIDE BONDS 2. AMINO BONDS 3. HYDROGEN BONDS 4. IONIC BONDS |
1. PEPTIDE BONDS
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Which type of RNA acts as a template for 'protein synthesis'?
1. rRNA 2. nRNA 3. tRNA 4. mRNA |
4. mRNA
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'Transcription' takes place in the:
1. CYTOPLASM 2. NUCLEUS 3. RIBOSOMES 4. 2 and 3 |
3. NUCLEUS
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A 'phenotype' is:
1. The genetic makeup of an individual's alleles 2. An individual's observable characteristics 3. A process of identifying an individual's homologous pairs of chromosomes 4. Two homologous chromosomes that are identical |
2. An individual's observable characteristics
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